the Orders of Orthoptera and Neuroptera. 147 
longitudinal axis of the wing, or numerous and small (espe- 
cially in the hind wings of Orthoptera). 
The hind wings are often (Orthoptera and Odonata) broader 
and larger than the anterior pair, the metathorax in such cases 
being a little larger than the mesothorax. 
-The abdomen has in this group, including representatives 
of the Neuroptera, Orthoptera, Dermatoptera, and Pseudoneu- 
roptera, besides a tenth nearly complete segment, the rudi- 
ments of an eleventh uromere, represented by a tergite form- 
ing the supraanal triangular plate. Well-developed jointed 
cercopoda occur in the Orthoptera and Pseudoneuroptera, 
while the forceps of Forficula (Dermatoptera) are undoubtedly 
modified cercopoda. An ovipositor occurs in the Neuroptera 
(Panorpide) and Orthoptera. 
The metamorphosis is incomplete in all the orders of Phylo- 
ptera except the more recent and higher order, ¢. e. the Neuro- 
ptera (in Erichson’s sense), in which the transformations are 
complete, the pupa being quiescent and wholly unlike the 
larva. 
The relative standing of the four orders of Phyloptera is 
shown in the table or genealogical tree of the winged insects 
on page 154. 
The sequence of the orders, such as we are compelled to 
adopt in writing or speaking of them, is difficult to decide upon. 
Beginning with what on the whole may be regarded as the 
lowest order, we might first take up the Dermatoptera, which 
are, in most respects, the most generalized forms, and stand 
nearest to the Thysanura (Japyz). 
The following is the succession of orders, placing the lowest 
uppermost :-— 
Dermatoptera, Burm. 
Orthoptera, Linn. 
Pseudoneuroptera, Krichson. 
Neuroptera, Linn., as restricted by Hrichson. 
Before discussing the relative standing of these orders, we 
will briefly indicate the more salient and generally applicable 
differential characters, especially what we regard as the more 
fundamental ones, but slightly touching upon the mouth-parts 
and wings, these being peripheral and more adaptive charac- 
ters and liable to greatest variation, and being of less value in 
charcterizing the orders of Phyloptera. 
Order 1. DERMATOPTERA. 
Forficula presents so many features separating it from the 
11* 
