Bibliographical Notices. 277 
known by the occurrence of three mandibles from Perim Island and 
the Punjab. The author further quotes from Dr. Naumann the 
occurrence in Japan of the Indian proboscidians Stegodon Clifti and 
Stegedon insignis or bombifrons, and the Elephas namadicus and 
apparently Hlephas primigenius. The two Stegodons were previ- 
ously known to range into China; and the occurrence of these forms 
in Japan would indicate that the Siwalik and Narbada elephants 
ranged northward into a region which now belongs to the pale- 
arctic province. 
The Indian fossil horses comprise two species of Hippotherium and 
two of Equus, all of which are known chiefly from the teeth, though 
a few bones of the extremities and a more or less complete skull or 
two have been found. In the early stage of wear the upper molar 
teeth of Hippotherium are distinguished by complete isolation of the 
anterior pillar, though in well-worn teeth this pillar becomes united 
to the crescent, as in Equus. The Hippotherium antilopinum named 
by Falconer may possibly, as Owen suggested and Von Meyer urged, 
be identical with the H. gracile of Kurope—a resemblance which 
was recognized by Prof. Gaudry, though he was ufterwards led to 
think this species monodactyle. The American species of Hippo- 
therium have a simpler structure of the enamel folds. The second 
sp cies of this genus is the Hippotherium Theohaldi of Lydckker. It 
is distinguished from the foregoing by a much greater proportionate 
length of the milk-molars, and has the anterior pillar of the tooth 
compressed so as to be longitudinally elongated, and the posterior 
pillar extends back to the hinder border of the crown. ‘The enamel 
is but slightly folded and the cement thin ; yet the author observes 
that if the milk-molars had not been known, it would have been 
doubtful whether the true molars would have afforded ground for 
the formation of two species. 
Among the limb-bones are some more or less complete feet; a 
fore limb which is figured shows the lateral digits about as well 
developed as in the stout variety of the Pikermi Hippothere figured 
by Professor Gaudry ; and it is evident that the lateral metacarpal 
bones were not blended with the median metacarpal, at least at their 
distai end. The horses, as Mr. Lydekker observes, are not to be 
easily distinguished in a fossil state from asses. The Indian Hjwus 
sivalensis has the anterior pillar of the tooth smaller than in Hyuus 
caballus ; but the remains indicate an animal at least 15 hands high. 
The Lguus hemionus, or the Kiang of Thibet, has upper molars so 
like those of sivalensis that the author believes it would be impossible 
to distinguish them if both occurred in the same fossil state. There 
is a distinct trace of a‘larmial’ cavity in the skull, which is developed 
in the hippotheres and unknown in_living horses. The second horse 
is the Equus namadicus of Falconer, with which is now united the 
Equus paleonus. It is distinguished by the upper molars having a 
ereater length of grinding-surface of the anterior pillars, and it is 
distinguished from all living horses by the square crowns of the 
upper milk-molars. -In the living horse the plication of the enamel 
is always less than in the /. namadicus. It appears to be associ- 
Ann. & Mag. N. Hist. Ser. 5. Vol. xi. 20 
