278 Bibliographical Notices. 
ated with the Bubalus palwindicus and Cumelus sivalensis in the 
top beds of the Siwaliks. The memoir concludes witha bibliography 
of Equus and Hippotherium, and five plates representing teeth and 
a foot. 
Mr. Lydekker regards the giraffes and sivatheres as forming one 
family, the Camelopardalide, which includes the genera Camelo- 
pardalis, Orasius, Vishnutherium, Helladotherium, Hydaspitherium, 
Bramatherium, and Sivatherium. The author believes that this 
group is most closely allied to the deer, though the views of Ruti- 
meyer are subsequently quoted as to the hor: us being intermediate 
between true antlers and true horns. Riitimeyer follomes Murie in 
uniting the Sivatheres with the antelopes because the parietal region 
is shortened, as in the oxen and the gnu; but the author observes 
that a skull now referred to Helladotherium was referred by Faleo- 
ner and Murie to a female Sivatheriuwm, and the transition from the 
Swatherium to the giraffe seen in the bones of the limbs and neck 
aud the presence of lachrymal vacuities in the giraffe and Hydaspt- 
ther:um afford evidence of close relationship between these animals. 
The family is characterized by a reticular or rugose structure of the 
enamel of the molar teeth. Horns are unknown in Helladotherium ; : 
but the absence of a burr appears to prove that the large antlers of 
Bramatherium and Sivatherium were permanent. The fossil giraffes 
of Europe are of Miocene age; but the Camelopardalis sivalensis of 
the Siwaliks belongs to the Pliocene period. ‘Teeth, vertebrae, and 
limb-bones are described, with the conclusion that the animal was 
about the size of the living species, the neck and limbs having 
attained their characteristic elongation in the Pliocene age. 
Vishnutherium is a ruminant of giraffe type known from molar 
teeth, metatarsus, and cervical vertebre. The jaw is slender, the 
molar teeth are larger than those of the giraffe, have a distinct 
cingulum on the outer surface, and a relatively large tubercle in the 
median valley of the first and ‘second molars. The teeth are larger 
than those of the elk, but somewhat resemble them. The metatar= 
sus is longer and slighter than the metatarsus of Stvatheriwm. The 
sixth cervical vertebra is shorter than the corresponding vertebra 
of the giraffe and longer than that of Sivatherium. 
Halladotherium appears to be represented by the Pikermi species 
H, Duvernoyi, It is known from the cranium, which was identified 
by Professor Gaudry. Hydaspitherium is anew genus, to which 
the author refers two species, H. megacephalum and H. grande. 
The former is known from a nearly complete cranium wanting the 
horn-cores. It has a large subquadrate compound base for the horns 
immediately in front of the occipital crest, and has a large lachry- 
mal cavity, which is wanting in Stvatherium. The teeth differ from 
those of Sivatheriwm in being smaller, in having a finer texture of 
outer surface, in the absence of plication of the enamel of the cen- 
tral pit, and the less development of coste on the external surface 
of the lobes. The teeth are very similar to those of Bramatherium ; 
and the author remarks that if there were no evidence but the teeth, 
Hydaspitherium, Helladotherium, and Bramatherium might all be 
