426 Miscellaneous. 
that these creatures fulfil the function of males, as Fritz Miller 
very distinctly perceived. Subsequently the cloacal pellicle is cast, 
carrying with it the skins of the Cyprids, and the cloaca opens.— 
Comptes Ltendus, November 5, 1883, p. 1012. 
On the Fossil Flora of Greenland. By Prof. O, Herr. 
Through the author’s researches 617 species of fossil plants are 
now known from Greenland, of which 335 belong to the Cretaceous 
and 282 to the Tertiary epoch. The Cretaceous plants occur in three 
distinct stages, described as the beds of Kome, Atane, and Patoot. 
in the Kome beds vascular Cryptogamia (especially G'leichenie) 
and Gymnosperms (namely 10 Cycadezx, forms analogous to the 
Zamie, and 21 Conifers, including 5 Sequoiw) are found almost 
exclusively. The Dicotyledones are represented only by a single 
species, Populus primeva. The general character of the flora of these 
deposits, which may be compared with the Urgonian strata, indi- 
cates a subtropical climate. 
In the Atane beds there occur, besides vascular Cryptog amia 
(some of which are arborescent) and Gymnosperms (8 Cycade, 
27 Conifers; among others Cycas Steenstrupi with well-developed 
carpels), 90 species of Dicotyledones, the appearance of which was 
very sudden. Here also the flora indicates a subtropical climate. 
The Atane beds may be compared with the Cenomanian strata. 
In the Patoot beds 20 vascular Cryptogamia, 18 Gymnosperms, 
5 Monocotyledonee, and 66 Dicotyledonesee have been found. 
Among the Conifers the most abundant species is Sequoia concinna, 
Heer (branches and fruits), nearly related to the Tertiary Sequoia 
Couttsie ; Sequoia Langsdorfii, Brgr., a Tertiary species, is also 
frequently met with. The Dicotyledons consist of birches, alders, 
elms, fig-trees, walnuts, oaks, and planes (the last two genera in 
great numbers); then come laurels, cinnamons, aralias, magnolias, 
we. &e. The Patoot beds also contain marine animals, which en- 
able us to make an exact comparison with the deposits of other 
countries, and approximate them to the Upper Senonian of Europe, 
consequently to the Upper Chalk. 
The Tertiary flora of Greenland is derived either from an Eocene 
deposit or from Lower Miocene beds. It includes in all 282 species, 
2 of which also appear in the Chalk; 20 others are derived from 
Cretaceous plants, but the rest show no relationship to the Creta- 
ceous flora. Moreover, tropical forms are entirely wanting, so that 
the climate had been profoundly modified; the mean temperature 
of the year in Greenland at es epoch of the Lower Miocene must 
have been about 12° C. (=53°°6 F.), as evidenced by the presence 
of two fan-palms, Magnolia, Saar Dalbergia, &c. The Tertiary 
flora of Greenland has 114 species like those of Europe. — Bibl. 
Univ., Arch. des Sct. October 15, 1883, p. 355. 
On the Pelagic Fauna of the Swiss Lakes. 
By Dr. O. E. Inaor, 
The author gives a brief summary of the investigations hitherto 
