166 Jenkins, Variation in the Hairy Woodpecker. [ai'iII 



Boddaert's leucomelas and Malherbe's jardini are subspecies con- 

 nected by links still existing for the whole length of North America. 



In Dryobates villosus leucovielas the under parts are entirely pure 

 white. The upper parts are black except for a white stripe down 

 the back. The crown and sides of the head are black. There is 

 a white stripe over and behind the eye, and another running from 

 the nasal tufts around under the eye to spread on the side of the 

 neck. In the male there is a scarlet nuchal band which is wanting 

 in the female. The young of both sexes has the whole crown 

 partly red or yellowish. The outer feathers of the tail are white 

 and the inner black. The wings are marked profusely with white 

 spots. 



Analyzing the wing we find that the primaries have four to seven 

 large round spots on either web which are placed equally distant 

 apart. The proximal four spots are always present and each of the 

 three distal ones, although generally present in all primaries except 

 the first, is less persistent than its respective proximal neighbor. 

 Thus the seventh or most distal spot is often absent, especially in 

 the shorter primaries. 



The secondaries have five spots on the outer web, which are 

 round and as large as the width of the web permits. The inner 

 web has six spots, which are quite large, and the two proximal ones 

 are confluent. 



The greater coverts have four spots, as shown in the figure, and 

 the lesser coverts are crossed by two bars. Rarely, spot No. 1 is 

 omitted from the greater covert and in the lesser covert there is a 

 slight variation tending to shorten the long axis of the proximal bar. 



The range of this form is northern North America from the 

 interior of Alaska (Ft. Reliance) to Labrador and south to about 

 the northern border of the United States. It does not include the 

 Pacific Coast region. 



Dryobates villosus villosus is much the same as D. v. leucomelas 

 in coloration and markings but is a decidedly smaller bird. The 

 primaries and secondaries have on the average the same spotting 

 pattern, but the three-spotted greater covert predominates over the 

 four-spotted form, and many of the median coverts have, instead 

 of two bars, two rounded or irregularly shaped spots which are 

 rarely coalesced to form a central streak. 



