^1912 J Bishop, Birds in the Markets of Southern Europe. 181 



During these visits to the Venetian markets I identified sixty 

 species, and procured specimens of most. x\s nearly as I can 

 remember small birds cost from two to five cents apiece, Thrushes, 

 Shorebirds and Snipe from five to fifteen cents; Coots, Ducks, 

 Partridges and Woodcock from 20 to 60 cents, and Pheasants, of 

 which I saw very few, about $2.00. For example I paid 12.15 on 

 Nov. 8 for 1 Woodcock, 1 Jay, 2 Starlings, 2 Spotted Crakes, 1 

 Song Thrush, 1 Gold-crest, 1 Long-tailed and 1 Great Titmouse, 

 1 Pipit, 1 Redstart, 1 Skylark, 1 Greenfinch, 1 Bullfinch, 1 Redpoll, 

 3 Linnets, 2 Goldfinches, 6 Siskins, 3 Reed Buntings, 3 Bramblings 

 and 5 Chaffinches; and on Nov. 10, S3.25 for 2 Coots, 1 Water- 

 Rail, 1 Spotted Crake, 1 Sparrow Hawk, 2 Woodcock, 1 Common 

 and 1 Dusky Redshank, 2 Dunlins, 1 European Curlew, 2 King- 

 fishers, 2 Greenfinches, 2 Wrens, 1 Great and 1 Blue Titmouse, 

 and 1 Redbreast. No doubt I paid over regular rates, as I could 

 speak little Italian and the market men knew I wanted them to 

 stuff. 



No Gulls were seen, so apparently they are beyond even the 

 Italian appetite, but a Little Grebe {Colymbus fluviatilis) was 

 found once and once a Sparrow Hawk (Accipitcr nisus). 



Of Ducks, Widgeons {Mareca penelopc) were common, and Teal 

 {Nettion crccca), Mallards (Anas plafyrhynchos plaiyrhynchos) , 

 Shovellers {Spatula clypeata) and other species occurred more or 

 less frequently. Of the Rails I noted Water Rail {Rallus aquaticus), 

 Spotted Crake {Porzana porzana), Coots {Fulica atra) and Galli- 

 nule (Gallinula chloropus). Among the Shorebirds were Wood- 

 cock (Scolopax riisticola), Common and Jack Snipe (Gallinago 

 gallinago and Limnocryptcs gallinula), Greenshanks {Glottis nehu- 

 larius), Common and Dusky Redshanks {Totanus totanus and 

 Totanus fuscus), European Curlew {Numenius arquaius), Dunlins 

 {Pelidjia alpina alpina), Lapwings {Vanellus vanellus) and Black- 

 breast Plover {Squatarola squatarola). 



Of the Grouse and Partridges I noticed Red-legged and Gray 

 Partridges {Caccabis saxatilis and Perdix perdix perdix). 



Blackcocks, Pheasants and Tetrastes honasia, Kingfishers 

 {Alcedo ispida), I found only once. 



Skylarks {Alauda arvensis arvensis) were there in great numbers 

 and sometimes Calandra {Melanocorypha calandra calandra) and 



