418 ARACHNIDA——-ARANEAE CHAP. 
somely marked. One of the prettiest is Lycosa picta, common 
on the sandhills in some localities. 
Some exotic species are very large, Zycosa ingens, from Madeira, 
measuring sometimes more than an inch and a half in length. 
Pardosa (Fig. 188, p. 341) is not so rich in species, but the 
individuals of some species are wonderfully numerous. Hundreds 
of P. lugubris, for example, may be seen scampering over the 
dead leaves of a wood in the autumn. These spiders are generally 
sombrely coloured and well covered with hair. Perhaps the com- 
monest and most widely-spread species in this country is P. 
amentata. 
Fam. 33. Ctenidae—The Ctenidae are Lycosa-like spiders, 
having in certain points of structure close affinities with the 
Pisauridae and the Sparassinae of the Thomisidae. The limits of 
the family are not well defined, and many arachnologists place 
in it some of the genera allotted above to the Pisauridae, while 
others do not consider the group sufficiently marked off to con- 
stitute a separate family at all. As here understood they are 
equivalent to the Cteninae of the Clubionidae in Simon’s /istoire 
naturelle. The eyes are arranged in the Lyeosa fashion, but the 
tarsi have only two terminal claws and well-developed “ claw- 
tufts,” frequently accompanied by a scopula. There are strong, 
regularly-arranged spines under the tibiae and tarsi. 
There are about fifteen genera. Uliodon numbers six species 
of large hairy spiders in Australia. Ctenus is rich in species, 
having about sixty, found in all hot countries, but especially in 
America and Africa. They are also of large size and usually of 
yellowish coloration, often diversified by a pattern on the abdomen. 
The fifteen species of Leptoctenus are proper to tropical Asia. 
Acantheis from South Asia and Hnoplectenus from Brazil are 
more slender, elongate forms, recalling Zetragnatha. Caloctenus 
includes a number of Pardosa-like spiders found at a high 
elevation in South America. 
The Ctenidae have the habits of the Lycosidae, and are 
wandering spiders, some forming a burrow in the ground. 
Fam. 34. Senoculidae.—The South American genus Sen- 
oculus (Labdacus) alone constitutes this family. The species are 
probably numerous, but ten only have been described. They are 
moderate-sized spiders, spinning no web, but running with 
astonishing speed over the leaves and stems of plants. The 
