440 ARACH NIDA—-PODOGON A——-PHALANGIDEA CHAP. 
than previous writers, are of the opinion that they ought to 
constitute a separate order of Arachnids, more nearly allied to 
the Pedipalpi than to the Phalangidea. In this place it is 
only possible to indicate some of their peculiar characteristics. 
Their integuments are particularly hard and coriaceous. The 
cephalothorax is united to the abdomen by a rather broad 
pedicle, but there is also a remarkable coupling apparatus which 
makes the constriction between cephalothorax and abdomen appear 
very slight. There is a movable anterior projection of the 
cephalothorax, the “cucullus.” The two-jointed chelicerae 
terminate in minute chelae, as also do the five-jointed pedipalps. 
There are no spiracles on the abdomen, but two are situated on 
the thorax above the coxae of the third pair of legs. Perhaps 
the most remarkable fact is that, as in the Araneae, a modified 
limb is used by the male for the fertilisation_of the female; but in 
this case it is not the tarsus of the pedipalp, but of the third leg of 
the male, which is specially developed as an intromittent organ. 
Ordinal rank is not universally accorded to the group, but 
whatever its true position, the known forms fall under a single 
family Cryptostemmatidae, including the two genera Crypto- 
stemma and Cryptocellus. 
Order VIII. Phalangidea (Opiliones). 
Tracheate Arachnids, with abdomen united to the cephalo- 
thorax by its whole breadth. They are oviparous, and undergo 
no metamorphosis. Abdomen always segmented. A pair of 
odoriferous glands opening on the thorax. Two simple eyes ; 
three-jointed chelate chelicerae ; pedipalpi not chelate. Spinning 
organs absent. 
“ Harvesters,’ “ Harvestmen,” or “ Harvest-spiders,” as these 
animals are popularly called, need never be confounded with true 
Spiders if the absence of a constriction between the cephalo- 
thorax and abdomen be noted. They are more difficult to dis- 
tinguish from Mites, members of which group have sometimes 
been described as Phalangids. The Phalangid is, however, 
generally recognisable by its segmented abdomen, and as a 
further point of distinction, it may be noted that, whereas the 
anal orifice is always transverse or circular in Phalangids, it is 
uniformly longitudinal in the Acarines. 
