444 ARACHNIDA—PHALANGIDEA CHAP. 
Ischyropsalis) the chelicerae are remarkably long, and may 
considerably exceed the total length of the trunk. 
The pedipalpi are six-jointed, possessmg coxa, trochanter, 
femur, patella, tibia, and tarsus. They are leg-like and are never 
chelate, but in some forms terminate in a single movable claw. 
The coxal joints are provided with maxillary plates. 
The legs are normally seven-jointed, as in Spiders, the 
penultimate joint being the metatarsus. The tarsus is always 
multi-articulate, the number of its joints being variable. It 
bears terminally one or two simple claws. “ False articulations ” 
(where the parts are not inserted one into the other, but are 
only marked off by a membranous ring) are of frequent occur- 
rence in the legs of these creatures. The first legs, like the 
pedipalps, bear maxillary plates, as do also the second in most 
Phalangids. The maxillae of the second legs are, however, 
entirely absent in Nemastoma, and rudimentary in the Gony- 
leptidae and the Ischyropsalidae. The coxae of the legs are all 
largely developed, but are not capable of free motion, being 
soldered to, and practically forming part of, the cephalothoracic 
floor. In some forms they are only separated from one another 
by sight grooves. The extreme length of the legs, and their 
hard and brittle nature, are characteristic features of the 
Phalangids, though in some species (Trogulidae) they are com- 
paratively short. The first pair of legs are always the shortest, 
and the second the longest. 
The sexual organs of Phalangids are ordinarily concealed, and 
the sexes can only be distinguished by certain very variable 
secondary characters, the males being usually smaller of body 
and longer of leg than the females, besides being more 
distinctly coloured and being armed with more numerous 
and longer spines. Sometimes the male chelicerae are highly 
characteristic. 
Phalangids are usually destitute of spinning organs, but such 
have been discovered, in a rudimentary state, in the Cyphoph- 
thalmi, which are said to spin slight webs. 
Internal Structure—In Phalangium the mouth leads up- 
wards into a membranous pharynx, wider than that of Spiders, 
but narrowing into an oesophagus which passes between the 
cerebral and thoracic ganglionic nerve-masses. It then turns 
backwards over the thoracic ganglion, being slightly dilated at 
