Bibliographical Notices. 191 



Whether dealing with civilized or with savage life, and with the 

 many representatives of various kinds and conditions of men in 

 different stages of culture, it is desirable to know how and why the 

 several people either agree or disagree one with another in their 

 habits of life and modes of thought. It is then possible to meet 

 them in their friendly advances with some satisfaction, or, if in un- 

 friendly aspects, without mutual harm. So in a siege, a knowledge 

 of the structure and bearings of a fortress enables the approach 

 to be made with precision and advantage. 



To characterize one man in a family, or a particular family in a 

 tribe, or a tribe in a nation, or one nation as distinct from another, 

 it is necessary to have a clear knowledge of the bodily features and 

 the mental peculiarities of the individual and of the community, 

 whether limited or numerous. 



The method of discriminating the individual and national cha- 

 racters of past and present peoples can be carried out by definitely 

 noting the measurements and proportions of the limbs, the shape 

 and size of the skull, including face, nose, and ears ; also the colour 

 of eyes and hair. How these points can be usefully considered and 

 brought to bear on the determination, discrimination, and classifi- 

 cation of individuals and of national groups, the interesting book 

 before us is designed to illustrate. The several physical characters 

 and features alluded to above are dealt with in detail, beginning 

 with the importance of measurements, particularly of the head, arm, 

 hand, fingers, ears, and nose, in the identification of criminals. 



To recognize the nature and relationship of bygone peoples — 

 whether prehistoric, primaeval, and possibly almost primitive, such 

 as those who had nothing but stone for tools and weapons, or the 

 bronze-workers, or those who used iron — we must look for some 

 characters in their implements, in their skulls and other bones, and 

 the relics of the animals associated with them in their caves and 

 rock-shelters. Further, the drawings and carvings on the walls of 

 their cave-dwellings, and in the more elaborate tombs, give useful 

 indications of their doings and of others living with them as slaves 

 or otherwise. Their heaps of refuse, their mounds of sepulture and 

 perhaps of religious meaning, are also witnesses of their life and 

 death, their habits, intentions, and aspirations. 



In the early chapters of this volume the ancient Egyptians, 

 Assyrians, Babylonians, and Lybians, as well as the old and the 

 modern Jews, the British, Trench, and some other European peoples, 

 are all shown to yield evidences of racial and other relationships 

 when studied as to structural details and habits of life. 



Previous, however, to the monumental and documentary evidences 

 of Chaldaea and Egypt, many widespread peoples had left distinct 

 traces of their whereabouts, their doings, and their sentiments. 



The systematic study of Man and Mankind, now known as the 

 science of Anthropology, is closely associated, on the one hand, with 

 Archaeology, which leans on Geology for the explanation of some of 

 its most important problems, and, on the other hand, when directed 

 to the elucidation of the natural grouping, origins, and migrations 

 of tribes or nations, it becomes Ethnology and Ethnography, com- 



