30 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
layers of annual growth, being rather lighter colored. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood 
is 0.5462, a cubic foot weighing 34.04 pounds. 
Rhamnus Caroliniana, according to Loudon,’ was introduced into English gardens in 1819; it is 
rarely seen in cultivation. Few msects are known to devour the foliage or injure the wood of this 
plant.’ 
1 Arb. Brit. ii. 536. 
The plant usually grown in European botanic gardens under this 
name is the European Rhamnus Frangula, L., which closely resem- 
bles Rhamnus Caroliniana. 
can species of Rhamuus, especially different species of Clisiocampa 
or Web-worms ; and Hyphantria cunea, Drury, has been known to 
bore into the wood. Henry Edwards (Proc. Cal. Acad. v. 164) 
mentions that Papilio Eurymedon, Boisd., feeds upon the foliage of 
Various general-feeding insects attack the foliage of the Ameri- Rhamnus Purshiana. 
EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. 
Puate LXI. Rueamnus CAROLINIANA. 
on oo 
Oe So ee) 
DOONAN wr 
. A flowering branch, natural size. 
. Diagram of a flower. 
. A flower, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a flower, enlarged. 
A petal, enlarged. 
A stamen, enlarged. 
. A pistil, enlarged. 
. An ovule, much magnified. 
. A fruiting branch. natural size. 
. Cross section of a fruit, enlarged. 
. A nutlet, enlarged. 
. Vertical section of a nutlet, enlarged. 
. A seed, enlarged. 
. An embryo, much magnified. 
RHAMNACEA. 
