64 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CORNACE. 
regions. The flora of Mexico contains four or five species ;* and in Europe there are four,’ all widely 
distributed in western Asia? also. Of the four Himalayan species, Cornus sanguinea * is also Kuropean 
and northern Asiatic, while Cornus macrophylla® ranges through China and Corea to Japan, and 
Cornus capitata® to central China. At least five species are now known to grow naturally in China,’ 
although only two of them are peculiar to that empire. Five species occur in Japan,” where Cornus 
Kousa® represents the Flowering Dogwoods, and Corea possesses probably one endemic species.” In 
the early tertiary epoch arborescent species of Cornus inhabited the Arctic region; and towards the 
eocene period species similar to existing forms appeared in Europe.” In North America traces of 
Cornus abound in the midcontinental Laramie group.” 
Cornus is rich in tannic acid, and the bark and occasionally the leaves and unripe fruit are used as 
tonics, astringents, and febrifuges. The sweet cherry-like fruit of the European Cornus mas” is 
edible, and is used in preserves, robs, and cordials; and that of several species contains considerable 
quantities of fatty oil.° The dried inner bark of the American Cornus sericea,” mixed with tobacco, 
was smoked with satisfaction by the Indians who inhabited the shores of the Great Lakes and the 
central regions of the continent.” 
1 Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. Gen. et Spec. iii. 430. — 
Kunth, Syn. Pl. 42quin. iii. 75. — Hemsley, Lot. Biol. Am. Cent. i. 
575. 
2 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 319. 
8 Boissier, Fl. Orient. 11. 1092. 
4 Linneus, Spec. 117 (1753). — L’Héritier, Cornus, 5.— De Can- 
dolle, Prodr. iv. 272.— Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Adbild. 
Deutsch. Holz. i. 12, t. 3. — Pallas, FU. Ross. i. 117. — Ledebour, Fv. 
Ross. ii. 378. — Brandis, Forest Fil. Brit. Ind. 253. — Hooker f. Fl. 
Brit. Ind. ii. T44. 
Cornus australis, C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 
sér. 6, v. 211 (1849). — Boissier, J. c. 
5 Wallich, Roxburgh Fl. Ind. i. 433 (1820).— Don, Prodr. Fl. 
Nepal. 141. — De Candolle, 7. «. — Brandis, 7. c. 252, t. 32. — 
Hooker f. J. c.— Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 
345. 
Cornus brachypoda, C. A. Meyer, 1. v. 222 (1849). — Walpers, 
Ann. ii. 725. — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 195. 
Cornus crispula, Hance, Jour. Bot. xix. 216 (1881). 
Cornus macrophylla, which is one of the stateliest and most beau- 
tiful trees of the genus, is common in the forests of northern and 
central Japan, where it is usually found on moist slopes or in the 
neighborhood of streams, sometimes rising to the height of fifty 
or sixty feet and developing trunks two or three feet in diameter 
and broad flat heads of horizontal branches. In northern India, 
where it is widely distributed at elevations between three thou- 
sand and eight thousand feet above the sea, the wood is valued 
for the excellent charcoal for gunpowder which it yields, the fruit 
is eaten, and the leaves furnish fodder for goats. (See Gamble, 
Man. Indian Timbers, 212.) 
§ Wallich, J. c. 434 (1820) ; Pl. As. Rar. iii. 10, t. 214. — Don, 
l. c.— De Candolle, J. c. 273.— Hooker f. J. c. 745.— Forbes & 
Hemsley, J. c. 
Benthamia fragifera, Lindley, Bot. Reg. xix. t. 1579 (1833) ; 
Trans. Roy. Hort. Soc. ser. 2, i. 457, t.17.— Walpers, Rep. ii. 
435. — Wight, Jil. Ind. Bot. t. 122. — Bot. Mag. lxxviii. t. 4641. — 
Fil. des Serres, vii. 261. 
In the mountainous regions of India, where Cornus capitata is 
abundant at elevations of from thirty-five hundred to eight thou- 
sand feet, the handsome yellowish red strawberry-shaped succulent 
fruits formed by the coalition of the numerous pericarps are eaten 
raw and are made into preserves (Brandis, /. c. 253). 
7 Forbes & Hemsley, /. c. 344. 
8 Franchet & Savatier, /. c. 195. 
9 Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 159 (1865).—Franchet & 
Savatier, l. c.— The Garden, xliii. 153, t. 
Benthamia Japonica, Siebold & Zuccarini, Fil. Jap. i. 38, t. 16 
(1835). 
10 Cornus officinalis, Siebold & Zuccarini, 1. c. 100, t. 50 (1835). — 
Miquel, 7. c. 160.—Franchet & Savatier, J. c. 196.— Forbes & 
Hemsley, J. c. 
In Japan, where Cornus officinalis was introduced, probably from 
Corea, several centuries ago, it is esteemed for the tonic and astrin- 
gent properties of the fruit (see Smith, Chinese Mat. Med. 74), and 
is often planted in gardens, where it appears as a bushy tree twenty 
or twenty-five feet in height, with the habit and general appearance 
of the European Cornelian Cherry, which it resembles in most of 
its essential characters. 
1 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 249. — Zittel, 
Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 614. 
2 LL, F. Ward, 6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. 1884-85, 490 
(Syn. Fl. Laramie Group). 
13 Rosenthal, Syn. Pl. Diaphor. 569. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 76 ; 
Traité Bot. Méd. 1072. 
14 Linneus, lJ. c. (1753). — L’Heéritier, J. c. 4. — Schmidt, Oestr. 
Baumz. ii. 7, t. 63. — Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, J. c. 10, t. 2. — 
De Candolle, l. c. 273. — Nyman, J. c. 319. 
15 Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1016. 
16 Jour. Chim. Méd. ii. 350.— A. Richard, Hist. Nat. Méd. iii. 
dod. 
17 Linneus, Jfant. 199 (1771). — L’H¢éritier, 1. c. 5, t. 2.—C. A. 
Meyer, J. c. 213. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 466, t. — Coulter 
& Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 34. Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. 
ed. 6, 214. 
Cornus Amomum, Du Roi, Diss. 7 (1771) ; Harbk. Baumz. 1.164. 
? Cornus cerulea, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 116 (1786). 
? Cornus alba, Walter, Fl. Car. 88 (not Linnzus) (1788). 
? Cornus rubiginosa, Ehrhart, Beitr. iv. 15 (1789). 
Cornus cyanocarpa, Moench, Meth. 108 (1794). 
Cornus lanuginosa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 92 (1803). 
? Cornus polygama, Rafinesque, FV. Ludovic.78 (1817) ; Alsograph. 
Am. 61.— De Candolle, J. c. iv. 274. — Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 401. 
Cornus obliqua, Rafinesque, Ann. Nat. 13 (1820). 
18 It is this species, which was generally known as “ Kinnikin- 
