CORNACEE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 75 
NYSSA SYLVATICA. 
Tupelo. Pepperidge. 
Fruit small, the stone more or less distinctly ridged. Leaves linear-oblong to 
oval or obovate. 
Nyssa sylvatica, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 97 (1785).—Cas- Nyssa Caroliniana, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv.507 (1797) ; Ii. 
tiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 304. — Michaux f. iil. 442, t. 851, f. 1. 
Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 260, t. 21. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. Nyssa Canadensis, Poiret, Lam. Dict. iv. 507 (1797). 
iv. 116.— W. P. C. Barton, Compend. Fl. Phil. ii. 193.— Nyssa integrifolia, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 446 (1789). — 
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am.10th Census U. S. ix. 92. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 614. 
Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 215. Nyssa villosa, Michaux, F7. Bor.-Am. ii. 258 (1803). — 
Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 46, t. 16, Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1112. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 
f. 39 (1787). — Walter, #7. Car. 253. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 37.— Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 479.— Bigelow, FI. 
684. — Spach, Hist. Vég. x. 463.— Torrey, Fl. N. Y. Boston. 248. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 177.— Nuttall, 
ii. 161, t. 95. — Schnizlein, Icon. t. 108**, f. 1, 2. — Dar- Gen. ii. 236.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. v. 575. — 
lington, FU. Cestr. ed. 3, 254.— Chapman, FU. 168. — Sprengel, Sys¢. i. 832. — Dietrich, Syn. i. 878. — Lou- 
Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 62. — Koch, don, Arb. Brit. iii. 1317, f. 1197, 1198. 
Dendr. ii. 454. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 353, t.— Nyssa multiflora, var.sylvatica, Watson, Index, 442 (1878). 
Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 68.— Lauche, Nyssa aquatica, Coulter & Evans, Bot. Gazette, xv. 91 
Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 543. (not Linnzus nor Marshall) (1890). — Coulter, Contrib. 
U.S. Nat. Herb. ii. 151 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). 
A tree, with crowded slender spreading and pendulous tough flexible branches, short stout spur-like 
lateral branchlets, and long thick hard roots, occasionally one hundred feet in height, with a trunk which 
is usually short, often enlarged and swollen at the base, and occasionally five feet in diameter; generally 
in the northern and extreme southern states much smaller and rarely more than fifty or sixty feet in 
height. The head is sometimes short and cylindrical, with a flat top; sometimes it is low and broad, 
or, when the individual has been crowded by other trees in the forest, it is narrow, pyramidal, or conical, 
and sometimes it is inversely conical and broad and flat at the top. The bark of the trunk varies from 
three quarters of an inch to an inch and a half in thickness, and is hght brown, often tinged with 
red, and deeply fissured, the surface of the ridges being covered with small irregularly shaped scales. 
The branchlets are at first light green to orange-color, nearly glabrous, or often covered with dense 
pale or rufous pubescence; during their first winter they are light red-brown marked with minute 
scattered pale lenticular dots and with the small lunate leaf-scars which display the ends of three 
conspicuous groups of fibro-vascular bundles, and later become darker. The winter-buds are obtuse and 
a quarter of an inch long, and are covered with ovate acute apiculate dark red puberulous imbricated 
scales; those of the inner ranks are accrescent, bright-colored at maturity, and mark the base of the 
branchlets with obscure ring-like scars. The leaves, which are crowded on the ends of the lateral 
branchlets, or are remote on vigorous shoots, are deciduous, linear-oblong, lanceolate, oval or obovate, 
acute or acuminate, sometimes contracted into short broad points at the apex, wedge-shaped or occasion- 
ally rounded at the base, entire, with slightly thickened margins, or are rarely coarsely dentate; when 
they unfold they are coated with rufous tomentum, especially on the lower surface, or are pubescent or 
sometimes nearly glabrous ; at maturity they are thick and firm, dark green and very lustrous above, 
pale and often hairy below, principally along the broad midribs, which are impressed above, and on the 
primary veins ; they are two to five inches long, half an inch to three inches broad, with slender or stout 
