SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
CAPRIFOLIACEZ. 
86 
the continent, is common also in northern Europe,’ in northern Asia,’ central China,* Corea, and Japan.* 
In Europe two other species occur ; one of them, the herbaceous Sambucus Hbulus,’ reaches Madeira, 
northern Africa, Asia Minor, and Cashmere, and perhaps reappears in southwestern China ;° and the 
second, the arborescent Sambucus nigra,’ extends also to the Orient.’ In the elevated mountain valleys 
of Sikkim and Nepaul one endemic species is found? Sambucus Javanica”™ ranges from Assam to the 
Malay peninsula, southern and central China, Java and Formosa, and perhaps to Japan. Two endemic 
species occur in Australasia ;"' and two arborescent species are described in the Floras of the Canary 
Islands” and Madeira."* One species inhabits the mountains of central and western South America 
from Guatemala to Peru,’ and a species, possibly endemic, those of southern Mexico.” 
Sambucus possesses cathartic and emetic properties in the bark; the flowers are excitant and 
sudorific, and the juice of the fruit is alterative and laxative. The fruit was used by the Romans 
to paint the statues of Jupiter red; the bark has been employed in dyeing.” The dried flowers of 
Sambucus nigra are used in Europe in the preparation of an aromatic distilled water and in flavoring 
lard, and by distilling the flowers small quantities of a light yellow fatty essential oil with a bitter 
burning but afterwards cooling flavor are obtained ;™ the leaves are employed to give a green tint to 
oil and fat,’* and wine made from the juice of the ripe fruit is sometimes used in the United States and 
Europe as a beverage or to adulterate grape-juice.® The fruits of some of the species, especially of 
Sambucus nigra, and of Sambucus glauca of western America, are cooked and eaten. 
The wood of Sambucus nigra is hard and compact, and is used by comb-makers and in mathe- 
matical instruments. 
The large pithy shoots furnish children with pop-guns, pipes, flutes, and whistles. 
In Europe Sambucus nigra often serves as a hedge plant and is a common inhabitant of cottage 
gardens. 
mental plants. 
colored fruit are favorites with horticulturists. 
All the species produce handsome and abundant flowers and fruit, and are valuable orna- 
Forms with variously cut leaflets and with yellow or variegated foliage or abnormally 
In North America Sambucus is not injured by insects and does not suffer seriously from fungal 
diseases.” 
1 Jacquin, Icon. Pl. Rar. i. t. 59.— Pallas, Fl. Ross. ii. 29.— 
Nouveau Duhamel, i. 249, t. 56.—Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, 
Abbild. Deutsche Holz. i. 45, t. 35. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 323. — 
Ledebour, Fl. Ross. ii. 383. — Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 321. 
2 Ledebour, Fl. Alt. i. 420. — Turczaninow, Fl. Baicalensi-Dahu- 
rica, i. 518. — Maximowicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 135.— Franchet, Pl. 
David. i. 148. 
8 Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 348. 
4 Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 265.— Franchet & Savatier, 
Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 198.— Miyabe, Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 
238 (Fl. Kurile Islands). 
5 Linneus, Spec. 269 (1753). — Fl. Dan. vii. t. 1156. — De Can- 
dolle, 7. c. 322. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. iii. 2.— Nyman, 1. c. 321.— 
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. iii. 2. 
6 Forbes & Hemsley, /. c.— Franchet, l. c. ii. 68. 
7 Linneus, J. c. (1753).— Fl. Dan, iv. t. 545.— Nouveau Du- 
hamel, i. 245, t. 55. — De Candolle, 1. c. 
Sambucus vulgaris, Lamarck, Fl. Frang. iii. 369 (1778). 
? Sambucus australis, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linnea, iil. 
140 (1828). 
8 Boissier, J. c. 
9% Sambucus adnata, De Candolle, 1. c. (1830). — Hooker f. & 
Thomson, Jour. Linn. Soc. ii. 180. — Hooker f. J. c. 3. 
10 Blume, Bidr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 657 (1825).— De Candolle, 1. c.— 
Hasskarl, Cat. Hort. Bog. 117; Regensburg Flora, 1845, 243. —Mi- 
quel, Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 124. — Hooker f.1.c. — Forbes & Hemsley, 1. c. 
Sambucus Chinensis, Lindley, Trans. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 297 
(1826). — De Candolle, /. c. — Hance, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 5, v. 217; 
Jour. Bot. vii. 295 ; xii. 260. — Maximowicz, Bull. Mosc. 1879, 24. 
Sambucus Thunbergiana, Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. ii. 265 
(1866). — Franchet & Savatier, /. c. — Franchet, J. c. i. 147. 
11 Sambucus xanthocarpa, F. Mueller, Hooker Jour. Bot. §& Kew 
Gard. Misc. viii. 145 (1856) ; Trans. Phil. Inst. Vict. i.42 ; Pl. Vict. 
t. 29. — Bentham, Fil. Austral. ui. 398. 
Tripetelus Australasicus, Lindley, Mitchell Three Exped. East 
Australia, ii. 14 (1839). 
Sambucus Gaudichaudiana, De Candolle, /. c. (1830). — Hooker 
f. Fl. Tasman. i. 164. — Bentham, I. c. 
12 Sambucus Palmensis, Link, Buch Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. 151 
(1825). — Webb & Berthelot, Phytogr. Canar. sec. ii. 176, t. 78. 
18 Sambucus Madeirensis, Lowe, Man. Fl. Mad. 381 (1868). 
14 Sambucus Peruviana, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, Nov. 
Gen. et Spec. iii. 429 (1818). — Kunth, Syn. Pl. Aquin. i. 75. — 
De Candolle, 7. c. 323. — Donnell Smith, Pl. Guatemal. No. 2191. 
Sambucus graveolens, Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi. 641 (1820). 
18 Sambucus bipinnata, Schlechtendal & Chamisso, l. c. v. 171 
(1830). — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 1. 
16 Loudon, Arb. Brit. 11. 1029. 
17 Spons, Encyclopedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and 
Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1420. 
18 Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 298. —U. S. Dispens. 
ed. 16, 1319. 
19 Loudon, l. c. 
20 Sambucus Canadensis is often attacked in early summer by the 
