SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CAPRIFOLIACER. 
94 
Viburnum, with about eighty species, is now widely and generally distributed through the tem- 
perate regions of the northern hemisphere ; it inhabits the mountain ranges of central and western 
South America and the West Indies,’ and occurs on several islands of the East Indian Archipelago? 
and in Madagascar. In America where, north of Mexico, fourteen species are found,’ only one is 
endemic in the region west of the Rocky Mountains.’ Of the North American species, two are small 
trees. Judging by the number of described species, the centre of distribution of the genus is in 
southern Mexico and Central America.® It is well represented in China,’ Japan,® and India, * where 
a number of shrubby species occur; there are fewer species in the Orient,” and in Europe” only 
three are recognized, including Viburnum Opulus,” which grows in profusion in the boreal regions 
of the three northern continents. In the cretaceous epoch Viburnum inhabited the Arctic regions and 
afterward spread through Europe and North America,” abounding in the central and western parts of 
this continent," where it is less common and less multiplied in species at present than in other northern 
regions. 
Viburnum has few useful properties. The leaves and fruit of some of the species are astringent,® 
and those of the European Viburnum Lantana” are used in dyemg and for making ink." The bark 
of the North American arborescent Viburnum prunifolium is used in medicine; and the bark and 
leaves of several of the American species are said to have been employed by the Indians and in early 
domestic practice in the treatment of various diseases."* The wood of Viburnum Opulus produces 
charcoal valued in the manufacture of gunpowder; and in America the bark is sometimes employed 
as a tonic and antispasmodic,” and the fruit is occasionally eaten.” Many of the species produce 
beautiful flowers and fruit, and are prized in gardens where the Laurustinus, Viburnum Tinus,” has 
been cultivated since the time of the ancients. 
In North America Viburnum is not seriously injured by insects” or fungal diseases.™ 
1 Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 315. 
2 Miquel, Fl. Ind. Bat. ii. 119. 
8 Bentham & Hooker, Gen. ii. 3. 
4 Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 9. 
5 Viburnum ellipticum, Hooker, Fl. Bor-Am. i. 280 (1833).— 
Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 15.— Gray, Brewer & Watson Bot. 
Cal. i. 278; Syn. Fl. N. Am. l. c. 10. 
6 Orsted, Videnskab. Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1860, 280. — 
Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. ii. 2. 
7 Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, xxvi. 474 (Meél. 
Biol. x. 644). 
8 Franchet & Savatier, Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 199. 
9 Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 257. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. 
iii. 3. 
10 Boissier, Fl. Orient. iii. 3. 
11 Nyman, Conspect. Fl. Europ. 320. 
12 Linneeus, Spec. 268 (1753).— Fl. Dan. iv. t. 661. — Schmidt, 
Oestr. Baumz. iii. 47, t. 173, 174. — Nouveau Duhamel ii. 132, t. 
39. — Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abbild. Deutsch. Holz. i. 42, 
t. 32. — De Candolle, Prodr. iv. 328. — Maximowicz, I. c. 492 (1. ¢. 
670).— Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. l. c.— Forbes & Hemsley, I. c. 
354.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 217. 
Viburnum Americanum, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 8 (1768). 
Viburnum trilobum, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 162 (1785). 
Viburnum Opulus Americanum, Aiton, Hort. Kew. i. 373 (1789). 
Viburnum Opulus Europeanum, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 180 
(1803). 
Viburnum Opulus Pimina, Michaux, I. c. (1803). — Rafinesque, 
Alsograph. Am. 57. 
Viburnum Opulus edule, Michaux, 1. c. (1803). 
Viburnum Oxycoccus, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 203 (1814). 
Viburnum edule, Pursh, l. c. (1814). 
Viburnum Opulus Pimina, var. subcordatum, Rafinesque, 1. c. 58 
(1838). 
13 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 244. — Zittel, 
Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 789, f. 402, 403. 
14 Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. viii. 230 (Contrib. Foss. 
Fl. W. Terr. pt. iii.). —L. F. Ward, 6th Ann. Rep. U. S. Geolog. 
Surv. 1884-85, 556 (Syn. Fl. Laramie Group). 
16 Baillon, Hist. Pl. vii. 382. 
16 Linneus, J. c. (1753).— Schmidt, J. c. 47, t. 175. — Nouveau 
Duhamel, ii. 130, t. 103. —Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, 1. c. 41, 
t. 31. — De Candolle, U. c. 326. 
Viburnum tomentosum, Lamarck, Fl. Frang. iii. 363 (1778). 
17 Loudon, Arb. Brit. 1036, f. 785. 
18 Rafinesque, Med. Fl. ii. 274. 
19 Baillon, J. c. 388. 
20 Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. Am. 164.—U. S. Dispens. ed. 
16, 1586. 
21 Richardson, Arctic Searching Exped. ii. 220. 
2 Linneus, l. c. 267 (1753). —Schmidt, J. c. 50, t. 180.— Nou- 
veau Duhamel, ii. 126, t. 37. — De Candolle, 1. c. 324. — Loudon, 1. c. 
1032, f, 778. 
28 The foliage of Viburnum Opulus, especially of the sterile form, 
the Snowball of gardens, is often seriously injured by Aphis V’iburni, 
Scopoli, which causes the leaves to curl up and twist. Larve of 
Hyphantria cunea, Drury, occasionally disfigure the foliage of dif- 
ferent species in the United States; and Coleophora viburniella, 
Clemens, sometimes mines within the parenchyma of the leaves 
(Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. i. 79). 
24 In North America two fungi of the Rust family are known on 
species of Viburnum, Coleosporium Viburni, Arthur, on Viburnum 
Lentago in the western states, and Puccinia Linkii, Klotzsch, on 
