CAPRIFOLIACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 99 
VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM. 
Black Haw. Stag Bush. 
LEAVES ovate, oval, or suborbicular, their petioles usually naked. Winter-buds 
short-pointed or obtuse, coated with rufous pubescence. 
Viburnum prunifolium, Linneus, Spec. 268 (1753). — Medd. fra Nat. For. Kjobenh. 1860, 301. — Chapman, 
Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 2. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 160. — 
Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 98.— Walter, Fl. Car. 
116. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 402; Spec. i. pt. ii. 
1487 ; Enum. 326. — Abbot, Insects of Georgia, ii. 53. — 
Schkuhr, Handd. i. 233. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 
178. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 128, t. 388. — Persoon, Syn. 
i. 826. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 344. — Poiret, Lam. 
Dict. viii. 653.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, 
iv. 341.— Pursh, 77. Am. Sept. i. 201.— Roemer & 
Schultes, Syst. vi. 631. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 37.— Elli- 
ott, Sk. i. 365. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 933. — Guimpel, 
Otto & Hayne, Abdbild. Holz. 125, t. 101. — Watson, 
Dendr. Brit. i. 23, t. 23.— Audubon, Birds, t. 23.— 
De Candolle, Predr. iv. 325.— Don, Gen. Syst. iii. 
Fl. 171. — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. ii. 269. — 
Koch, Dendr. ii. 62. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 
1882, 68. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 207. — Sar- 
gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 94. — 
Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. i. pt. ii. 12. — Watson & Coulter, 
Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 219. 
Viburnum pyrifolium, Poiret, Zam. Dict. viii. 653 
(1808). — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 345; Cat. Hort. 
Paris, ed. 3, 404. — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, 
iv. 341. — Pursh, FU. Am. Sept. i. 201. — Nuttall, Gen. 
i. 202. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. vi. 631. — Hayne, 
Dendr. Fl. 37. — Watson, Dendr. i. 22, t. 22. — De Can- 
dolle, Prodr. iv. 325.— Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1034, f. 
781, 782. — Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 55. 
440. — Rafinesque, Alsograph. Am. 55.— Spach, Hist. Viburnum amblodes, Rafinesque, Alsograph.Am.55 (1838). 
Vég. viii. 312. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 279.— Torrey Viburnum prunifolium, var. ferrugineum, Torrey & 
& Gray, fl. N. Am. ii. 14.— Walpers, Rep. ii. 451. — Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 15 (1841). 
Darlington, FZ. Cestr. ed. 3, 115. — Orsted, Videnskab. 
A bushy tree, occasionally twenty to thirty feet in height, with a short and usually crooked trunk 
six to eight inches in diameter, and stout spreading rigid branches beset with slender spine-like branch- 
lets; or at the north often reduced to a low much-branched shrub. The bark of the trunk varies from 
a quarter to a third of an inch in thickness and is broken into thick irregularly shaped plate-like red- 
brown scales. The branchlets, when they first appear, are bright red, and are glabrous or more or 
less covered with rufous pubescence; they soon turn green, and in their first winter are gray faintly 
or strongly tinged with red, covered with a slight bloom, and marked by orange-colored lenticels and by 
the large lunate leaf-scars which display three fibro-vascular bundle-scars ; later they become dark brown 
tinged with red. The winter-buds are coated with dark rufous tomentum, and are covered with two 
scales ; those which contain flower-bearing branches are ovate, gradually narrowed and obtuse at the 
apex, half an inch in length, and much larger than the axillary buds which are flattened by pressure 
against the stem; the bud-scales, which are accrescent, are soon after opening strap-shaped, purple, 
puberulous, and nearly an inch in length, and, often developing into leaf-like bodies with broad boat- 
shaped petioles, do not fall until after the flowers open. The leaves are ovate or rarely obovate, oval 
or suborbicular, rounded, acute or short-pointed at the apex, wedge-shaped or rounded at the base, and 
usually rather remotely or sometimes finely serrate with ridged incurved callous-tipped teeth ; when they 
unfold they are tinged with red and are lustrous, glabrous on the lower surface, and covered on the 
upper side of the midribs and on the bright red petioles with scattered reddish hairs, or are clothed 
on the petioles, midribs, and lower surface of the primary veins with dense rusty brown tomentum ; at 
maturity they are firm or sometimes subcoriaceous, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, and 
on the lower pale and glabrous or covered with tufts of rusty tomentum chiefly along the narrow 
midribs and in the axils of the slender primary veins which are connected by reticulate veinlets; they 
