SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
ERICACE. 
116 
Vaccinium, with about one hundred species, is distributed through the boreal and temperate 
recions of the northern hemisphere, and occurs within the tropics at high elevations above the sea north 
and south of the equator. In North America twenty-five species and several varieties are distinguished ;' 
one is a small tree, while the others are tall or small shrubs. 
The fruits of many of the species are edible. The most valuable are the cranberries, the red acid 
berries of the North American Vaccinium macrocarpon,’ which are now consumed in enormous quanti- 
ties in the form of a conserve, and of Vacciniwm Oxycoccos,* which are used in the same manner in all 
northern countries. In the eastern United States blueberries, the sweet blue fruits of several species 
of the section Cyanococcus, are eaten in large quantities raw or cooked and are often dried or 
preserved. The small dark red acid fruits of Vaccinium Vitis-[dea,* an inhabitant of the Arctic 
Circle and of elevated northern regions round the world, are cooked and eaten in the northern countries 
of Europe, in Siberia, Japan, and North America. Bulberries, the blue-black sweet fruits of Vaccinium 
uliginosum® and of Vaccinium Ayrtillus,’ are eaten raw and cooked in northern Europe and in some 
parts of North America; and in California the sweetish fruits of Vacciniwm occidentale’ are gathered 
on the Sierra Nevada Mountains in large quantities. 
5-celled. North America, Europe, Asia Minor, Madeira, and the 
Canary Islands. 
Vitis-IpzaA. Flowers in short racemes on clusters from separate 
buds ; corolla ovate or globose-urceolate, 4 to 5-lobed ; anthers 
awned ; ovary 4 to 5-celled. Leaves coriaceous, persistent. North 
America, West Indies, western South America, and Europe. 
NEURODESIA. Flowers in short terminal or subterminal racemes ; 
corolla urceolate-campanulate or urceolate, 5-lobed; anthers awned 
on the back ; ovary 5-celled. Leaves coriaceous, persistent, subim- 
bricated. Western South America and Guiana. 
DistERIGMA. Flowers axillary, solitary or two or three together ; 
corolla urceolate or tubular-campanulate, 4 to 5-lobed; anthers 
awned on the back ; ovary 4 to 5-celled. Leaves minute, coriaceous, 
usually entire. Western South America. 
Macropetma. Flowers axillary, solitary ; corolla cylindrical- 
urceolate, 5-lobed ; anthers awned on the back; ovary 5-celled. 
Leaves serrate, coriaceous, persistent. Islands of the Pacific 
Ocean. 
CINCTOSANDRA. Flowers in terminal and axillary racemes ; co- 
rolla campanulate, deeply 5-lobed ; anthers awned on the back; 
ovary 5-celled. Leaves serrate, coriaceous, persistent. Madagascar 
and eastern tropical Africa. 
Epicynium. Flowers in corymbs or racemes, rarely solitary ; 
corolla urceolate or conical ; stamens inclosed ; filaments pilose ; 
ovary 5 or incompletely 10-celled. Leaves coriaceous, persistent. 
India, Malay Archipelago, China, and Japan. 
LEpTOTHAMNIA. Flowers in axillary many-flowered racemes ; 
corolla conico-urceolate, 5-toothed ; anthers awned on the back ; 
ovary 5-celled. Leaves acuminate, long-pointed. Western South 
America and the West Indies. 
Oxycoccus. Flowers axillary and terminal on long slender 
pedicels ; corolla deeply 5-parted, the lobes reflexed ; anthers awn- 
less, exserted ; ovary 4-celled. Leaves small, entire, persistent. 
North America, Europe, and northern Asia. 
1 Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 20. 
? Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 13, t. 7 (1789).— Willdenow, Spec. ii. 
355.— Bot. Mag. lii. t. 2586. — Gray, l. c. 26.— Watson & Coul- 
ter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 314. 
Vaccinium hispidulum, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 108, t. 30, 
f. 67 (not Linnzus) (1787). 
Vaccinium Oxycoccus, var. oblongifolium, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 
i, 228 (1803). 
Citric acid® is obtained from the fruit of 
Oxycoccus palustris, var. (?) macrocarpus, Persoon, Syn. i. 419 
(1805). 
Oxycoccus macrocarpus, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 263 (1814). — 
W. P. C. Barton, Fl. N. Am. i. 58, t. 17. —De Candolle, Prodr. 
vii. 577. — Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, ii. 458, t. 
The cultivation of the Cranberry on carefully prepared bogs so 
arranged that they can be flooded with water at certain seasons of 
the year, in order to protect the plants from frost or insects, has 
become an important industry in the northern United States ; and 
a number of varieties have been obtained. These differ in the size 
and color of the fruit and in its time of ripening. Barnstable 
County, Massachusetts, New Jersey and northern Michigan and 
Wisconsin are found more suitable for Cranberry culture than other 
parts of the country. (See Garden and Forest, iii. 511, 535; iv. 3, 
525, 542.) 
8 Linneus, Spec. 351 (1753). — Fi. Dan. i. t. 80.— Willdenow, 
l. c. 354.— Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, Abbild. Deutsche Holz. 
i. 58, t. 44. — Gray, 1. c. 25.— Watson & Coulter, J. c. 314. 
Schollera Oxycoccus, Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. i. 170 (1788) ; ii. 
442, 
Vaccinium Ozxycoccus, var. ovalifolium, Michaux, I. c. 228 (1803). 
Oxycoccus palustris, Persoon, 1. c. 419 (1805).— De Candolle, 
lc. 577. 
Oxycoccus vulgaris, Pursh, 1. c. 263 (1814). 
4 Linneus, J. c. (1753). — Fl. Dan. i. t. 40. — Willdenow, /. c. — 
Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 107, t. 30.— Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, 
I. c. 57, t. 43.— De Candolle, J. c. 568. — Gray, J. c.— Watson & 
Coulter, J. ¢. 
Vaccinium punctatum, Lamarck, Dict. i. 74 (1783). 
5 Linneus, J. c. 350 (1753), — Fl. Dan. ii. t. 231. — Willdenow, 
1. c. 350.—Guimpel, Willdenow & Hayne, J. c. 56, t. 42.—De 
Candolle, 2. c. 574.— Gray, J. c. 23.— Watson & Coulter, J. ¢. 
313. 
Vaccinium Sednense, Persoon, I. c. 478 (1805). 
Vaccinium pubescens, Hornemann, Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1516 (1820). 
6 Linneeus, l. c. 349 (1753). — Fl. Dan. vi. t. 974. — Willdenow, 
l. c. 348. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 102, t. 29. —Guimpel, Willdenow 
& Hayne, 1. c. 54, t.41.— De Candolle, J. c. 573. — Hooker, Fl. 
Bor.-Am. ii. 33. — Gray, 1. c. 24. 
7 Gray, Brewer § Watson Bot. Cal. i. 451 (1876) ; Syn. Fl. N. 
Am, ii. 23. 
8 Jour. de Pharm. sér. 4, xviii. 439. 
