OLEACES. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 3D 
FRAXINUS QUADRANGULATA. 
Blue Ash. 
FLowers perfect. Leaflets 5 to 9, usually 7, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acute, 
coarsely serrate. Branchlets quadrangular. 
Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 255 95.— Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. 
(1803). — Vahl, Enum. i. 50.— Willdenow, Spec. iv. ix. 110.— Wenzig, Bot. Jahrb. iv. 185. — Watson & Coul- 
1102. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 605. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. ter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 336.— Wesmael, Bull. Soc. Bot. 
64. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 103. — Bose, Mém. Belg. xxx. 114. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 513, f. 90, M. 
Inst. ix. 211. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 118, Fraxinus tetragona, Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, 
t. 11.— Poiret, Zam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 671. — Pursh, FV. ii. 583 (1811). — Bose, Nouv. Cours d@’ Agric. vii. 73. 
Am. Sept. i. 8. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i. 278. — Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. nervosa, Loudon, Arb. 
Nuttall, Gen. ii. 231.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 223. — Sprengel, Brit. ii. 1235 (1838). 
Syst. i. 96.— Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 55.— Spach, Hist. Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata, D. J. Browne, 
Véqg. viii. 296. — De Candolle, Prodr. viii. 278. — Chap- Trees of America, 397 (1846). 
man, £7. 370. — Koch, Dendr. ii. 259. — Gray, Syn. Fl. Fraxinus Americana, var. quadrangulata nervosa, 
N. Am. ii. pt.i. 75. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 164, D. J. Browne, Trees of America, 397 (1846). 
f.53.— Engelmann, Bot. Gazette, v.63. — Ridgway, Proc. Fraxinus quadrangulata, var. subpubescens, Wesmael, 
U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69. — Burgess, Bot. Gazette, vii. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxx. 114 (1892). 
A slender tree, sometimes one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a trunk two or three feet 
in diameter, although generally much smaller and usually not more than sixty or seventy feet tall. The 
bark of the trunk varies from a half to two thirds of an inch in thickness and is irregularly divided 
into large plate-like scales, the light gray surface, which is shghtly tinged with red, separating into thin 
minute scales. The branchlets are stout, four-angled, and more or less four-winged between the nodes, 
and when they first appear are dark orange-color and covered with short rufous pubescence; in their 
second year they are gray tinged with red, and marked with scattered pale lenticels and with the large 
elevated obcordate leaf-scars in which are a lunate row of fibro-vascular bundle-scars ; in their third 
year they are light brown or ashy gray, and gradually become terete. The terminal bud is about a 
quarter of an inch long, with three pairs of scales; those of the outer row, which are thick, rounded 
on the back, usually obscurely pinnate toward the apex, dark reddish brown and slightly pubescent, or 
often coated with pale tomentum, partly cover the bud; the scales of the ner rows, which are strap- 
shaped, coated with light brown tomentum and often pinnate, lengthen with the young shoot, and at 
maturity are an inch to an inch and a half in length. The leaves are eight to twelve inches long, with 
slender petioles glabrous or puberulous toward the base, and five to nine leaflets; these are ovate- 
oblong to lanceolate, long-pointed, unequally rounded or wedge-shaped at the base, and serrate above 
with incurved teeth ; when they unfold they are coated on the lower surface with thick brown tomen- 
tum, and at maturity they are thick and firm, yellow-green and glabrous above, pale and glabrous, or 
sometimes furnished with tufts of pale hairs along the base of the conspicuous midribs below, three to 
five inches long, and an inch to two inches wide, with short broad petiolules grooved on the upper side, 
and eight to twelve pairs of veins arcuate near the margins. Having turned to a pale yellow color, the 
leaves fall early in the autumn. The flowers, which appear as the terminal buds begin to expand, are 
borne in loose-branched panicles from small obtuse buds developed in the axils of leaves of the previous 
year and protected by broadly ovate scales keeled on the back, apiculate at the apex, and covered 
with thick brown tomentum. The bracts at the base of the secondary branches of the inflorescence 
are ovate, acute, and also covered with tomentum. The ultimate divisions of the inflorescence are 
