OLEACEZ, 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
43 
FRAXINUS AMERICANA. 
White Ash. 
LEAFLETS 5 to 9, usually 7, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acute, pale on their 
lower surface. 
Fraxinus Americana, Linneus, Spec. 1075 (1753).— 
Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 244. — Walter, 
Fl. Car, 254. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 116; Spec. iv. 
1102; Enum. 1060. — Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Newe 
Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 393. — Vahl, Enum. 
i. 49. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 604. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 
63. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 102. — Du Mont de Cour- 
set, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, ii. 580. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. 
Am. iii. 106, t. 8 (excl. fruit). — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 
249. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 95. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 221. — 
Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. ii. 51 (in part). — Torrey, FU. N. Y. 
ii. 125, t. 89. — De Candolle, Prodr. viii. 277. — Darling- 
ton, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 238. — Chapman, F7. 369. — Curtis, 
Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 54. — Koch, Dendr. 
ii. 252. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 163. — Gray, 
Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt. i. 74. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. 
Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 107. — Wenzig, Bot. Jahrb. 
iv. 180. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 335. — 
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 511. 
?Fraxinus Nova Anglia, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 5 
(1768). 
Fraxinus alba, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 51 (1785). — 
Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 223. 
Fraxinus acuminata, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 547 (1786). — 
Borkhausen, Handb. Forst. Bot. i. 824.— Bosc, Mém. 
Inst. ix. 205.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, 
ii. 580. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 9.— Nuttall, Gen. ii. 
231; Sylva, iii. 64. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 220. — Elliott, 
Sk, ii. 672. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i. 277. — 
Sprengel, Syst. i. 95. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 2, 8. — 
Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 56.— Emerson, Trees Mass. ed. 2, 
ii. 376, t. 
? Fraxinus juglandifolia, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 548 (1786). — 
Bose, Mém. Inst. ix. 209. 
Fraxinus Caroliniensis, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 81 
(1787). 
Fraxinus Canadensis, Gertner, Fruct. i. 
(1788). 
Fraxinus epiptera, Michaux, /7. Bor.-Am. ii. 256 (1803). — 
Vahl, Hnum. i. 50.— Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1102; Berl. 
Baumz. ed. 2, 147.— Persoon, Syn. ii. 605. — Desfon- 
taines, Hist. Arb. i. 103. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 
671. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 231.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 
8. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 672. — Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i. 
278. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 96. — Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 55. — 
Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1237. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 
50. — De Candolle, Prodr. viii. 277. 
Fraxinus Americana, var. latifolia, Loudon, Arb. Brit. 
ii. 1232 (1838). — D. J. Browne, Trees of America, 395. 
Fraxinus Americana, var. normale, Wesmael, Bull. Soc. 
Bot. Belg. xxx. 107 (1892). 
Fraxinus Americana, var. acuminata, Wesmael, Bul. 
Soc. Bot. Belg. xxx. 107 (1892). 
Fraxinus Americana, var. epiptera, Wesmael, Bull. Soc. 
Bot. Belg. xxx. 107 (1892). 
222, t. 49 
A tree, sometimes one hundred and twenty feet in height, with a tall massive trunk five or six feet 
in diameter, although usually much smaller, and stout upright or spreading branches, which in the 
forest form a narrow crown, or, if the tree has found sufficient space in which to extend them, a broad 
round-topped or pyramidal head. The bark of the trunk, which varies from one to three inches in 
thickness, is dark brown or gray tinged with red, and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad 
flattened ridges separating on the surface into thin appressed scales. The branches are stout and 
terete, and when they first appear are dark green or brown tinged with red, and covered with scattered 
pale hairs; they soon become light orange-color or ashy gray and marked with pale lenticels, and in 
their first winter they are gray or light brown, lustrous, often covered with a glaucous bloom, and 
roughened by the large pale semiorbicular leaf-scars which display near the margin a line of conspicuous 
fibro-vascular bundle-scars; later the branches grow darker. The leaf-buds are broadly ovate, and 
obtuse, with four pairs of scales; those of the outer pair are ovate, acute, apiculate, conspicuously 
keeled on the back, nearly black, slightly puberulous, and about half the length of those of the second 
pair, which are ovate, rounded or apiculate at the apex, dark-colored and puberulous above the middle, 
