OLEACE. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
49 
FRAXINUS PENNSYLVANICA. 
Red Ash. 
LEAFLETS 7 to 9, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, mostly coarsely serrate, clothed on 
their lower surface like the young shoots with velvety pubescence. 
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 51 
(1785). — Koch, Dendr. ii. 253. — Lauche, Deutsche 
Dendr. ed. 2, 163, £. 53. — Sudworth, Rep. Sec. Agric. 
1892, 326. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 511, £. 90, E-H. 
Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 548 (1786). — 
Walter, Fl. Car. 254. — Willdenow, Berl. Bawmz. 119; 
Spec. iv. 1103; Hnum. 1060. — Borkhausen, Handbd. 
Forst. Bot. i. 827. —Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Neue 
Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 393. — Vahl, Enum. 
i. 51. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 604. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 
62. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 102. — Du Mont de Cour- 
set, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, ii. 582.— Pursh, FV. Am. Sept. i. 
9.— Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i. 279. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 
231.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 223. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 673. — 
Sprengel, Syst. i. 95. — Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 55. — Hooker, 
Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 51.— De Candolle, Prodr. viii. 278. — 
Emerson, Trees Mass. 337.— Darlington, FU. Cestr. ed. 3, 
239. — Chapman, F7. 370.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. 
N. Car. 1860, iii. 54. — Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt. i. 
75. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1882, 69. — Sar- 
gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 108. — 
Wenzig, Bot. Jahrb. iv. 183. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s 
Man. ed. 6, 336. 
Fraxinus pubescens, 8 longifolia, Vahl, Hnum. i. 52 
(1804). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1104. — Pursh, FV. Am. 
Sept. ii. 9.— Loudon, Ard. Brit. ii. 1233. — De Can- 
dolle, Prodr. viii. 278. 
Fraxinus pubescens, y latifolia, Vahl, Enum. i. 52 
(1804). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1104.— Pursh, #7. Am. 
Sept. i. 9.— Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 223.— Loudon, Arb. 
Brit. ii. 1233. — De Candolle, Prodr. viii. 278. 
Fraxinus pubescens, var. subpubescens, Persoon, Syn. 
ii. 605.— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 9.— Loudon, Arb. 
Brit. ii. 1234. — De Candolle, Prodr. viii. 278. 
Fraxinus longifolia, Bose, Mém. Inst. ix. 209 (1808). 
Fraxinus subvillosa, Bose, Mém. Inst. ix. 209 (1808). 
Fraxinus tomentosa, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 112, 
t. 9 (1813). 
? Fraxinus discolor, Rafinesque, F7. Ludovic. 37 (1817). — 
Spach, Hist. Vég. viii. 297. 
Fraxinus Americana, var. pubescens, D. J. Browne, 
Trees of America, 395 (1846). 
Fraxinus oblongocarpa, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 
1862, 4. 
Fraxinus viridis, var. pubescens, Hitchcock, Trans. St. 
Louis Acad. v. 507 (1891). 
A tree, forty to sixty feet in height, with a trunk rarely exceeding eighteen or twenty inches in 
diameter, and stout upright twiggy branches which form a compact irregularly shaped head. The bark 
of the trunk is one half to two thirds of an inch thick, brown tinged with red and slightly furrowed, 
the surface of the ridges separating into thin appressed scales. The branchlets are slender and terete, 
and when they first appear are more or less coated with pale pubescence, which sometimes continues to 
cover them until the second or third year and often disappears during the first summer; ultimately they 
become ashy gray or light brown tinged with red, and are frequently covered with a glaucous bloom, 
and marked with pale lenticels and in their first winter with semicircular leaf-scars in which appears a 
short row of large fibro-vascular bundle-scars. The leaf-buds are about an eighth of an inch long, with 
three pairs of scales coated with rufous tomentum; those of the outer pair are acute, rounded on the 
back, and truncate at the apex; those of the second and third pairs lengthen with the young shoot and 
are shorter than those of the inner rank, which at maturity are often an inch or an inch and a half long 
and are sometimes pinnately cut toward the apex. The leaves are ten to twelve inches long, with stout 
slightly grooved pubescent petioles and seven to nine leaflets; these are oblong-lanceolate or ovate, 
gradually narrowed at the apex into long slender points, unequally wedge-shaped at the base, and 
obscurely serrate, or often entire below the middle; when they unfold they are coated on the lower 
surface and on the petioles with thick white tomentum, and are lustrous and puberulous on the 
upper surface; at maturity they are thin and firm, with conspicuous midribs and branching veins, four 
