50 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. OLEACEZ. 
to six inches long, an inch to an inch and a half wide, light yellow-green on the upper side and pale on 
the under side, which is covered, like the short thick grooved petiolules, with silky pubescence. In the 
autumn the leaves turn yellow or rusty brown before falling. The flowers appear late in the spring as 
the leaves begin to unfold, the males and females being produced on separate trees in rather compact 
tomentose panicles covered in the bud with ovate scales coated with rusty tomentum. The lower bracts 
are obovate, rounded, and a little larger than those at the base of the ultimate divisions of the panicle, 
which are lanceolate and more or less laciniately cut. The staminate flower is composed of a minute 
obscurely toothed cup-shaped calyx and of two stamens with linear-oblong light green anthers tinged 
with purple and borne on short slender filaments. The calyx of the pistillate flower is cup-shaped, 
deeply divided, and as long as the ovary, which is gradually narrowed into an elongated style divided 
at the apex into two green stigmatic lobes. The fruit, which is borne in open glabrous or pubescent 
panicles, and remains on the branches during the winter, is one to two inches in length, surrounded at 
the base by the persistent calyx, and linear or narrowly spatulate, with a slender terete many-rayed body 
tapering gradually from the summit to the base and margined above by the thin decurrent wing, which 
is narrowed, rounded, acute or apiculate at the apex, and as long or somewhat longer than the body. 
Fraxinus Pennsylvanica is distributed from New Brunswick to southern Ontario,’ eastern 
Nebraska, and the Black Hills of Dakota, and southward to northern Florida and central Alabama. It 
inhabits low rich moist soil near the banks of streams and lakes, and is most common and attains its 
largest size in the north Atlantic states. West of the Alleghany Mountains it is smaller and less common. 
The wood of Fraxinus Pennsylvanica is heavy, hard, rather strong, brittle, and coarse-grained ; 
it contains numerous thin medullary rays, and is light brown, with thick lighter brown sapwood streaked 
with yellow. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry wood is 0.6215, a cubic foot weighing 38.96 
It is sometimes confounded with the more valuable wood of the White Ash, and is employed 
in the same way. 
The Red Ash, which probably owes its name to the light red color of the mner surface of the 
outer bark? of the branches, was, according to Aiton,’ introduced into English gardens in 1783. It is 
often cultivated in the eastern states, although as a shade or ornamental tree it is less valuable than 
the White Ash. 
The Green Ash,* which is perhaps best considered as a variety of this species, ranges from the 
pounds. 
1 Brunet, Cat. Vég. Lig. Can. 42.— Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 
316. 
2 The inner surface of the bark of the branches of the White 
Ash is often of the same color. 
8 Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 476. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1233, f. 1056 
(Fraxinus pubescens). 
4 Frazxinus Pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata. 
Frazinus juglandifolia, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 117 (not La- 
marck) (1796) ; Spec. iv. 1104; Enum. 1060. — Vahl, Enum. i. 
50. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 604. — Nouveau Duhamel, iv. 63, t. 16. — 
Aiton, J. c. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 9.— Roemer & Schultes, 
Syst. i. 278. — Sprengel, Syst. i. 96.— Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 55. — 
Loudon, J. c. 1236, f. 1061, 1062, t. —Gray, Man. 373. 
Frazinus Caroliniana, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 119 (not Miller 
nor Lamarck) (1796) ; Spec. iv. 1103; Enum. 1060. — Pursh, 
I. c.— Nuttall, Gen. ii. 231.— Elliott, Sk. ii. 673. — Hayne, 
Dendr, Fl. 223. — Sprengel, 7. c. — Don, 1. c. — Koehne, Deutsche 
Dendr. 511. 
Fraxinus lanceolata, Borkhausen, Handb. Forst. Bot. i. 826 
(1800). 
Frazinus juglandifolia, B subintegerrima, Vahl, 1. c. (1804).— 
Loudon, I. c. 
Frazinus Caroliniana, p latifolia, Willdenow, Spec. iv. 1103 
(1805). 
Frazinus expansa, Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 150 (1811). — 
Roemer & Schultes, /. c. 279. — Don, J. c. — Loudon, J. c. 1238. — 
De Candolle, Prodr. viii. 278. — Wenzig, Bot. Jahrb. iv. 184.— 
Sudworth, Rep. Sec. Agric. 1892, 326. 
Fraxinus viridis, Michaux, Hist. Arb. Am. iu. 115, t. 10 (excl. 
fruit) (1813). — Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, 1. 582. — 
Hayne, J. c. 222. — Chapman, FV. 370. — Gray, Pacific R. R. Rep. 
xii. pt. ii, 46; Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. pt. i. 75. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. 
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 54. — Watson, King’s Rep. v. 284. — Bell, 
Rep. Geolog. Surv. Can. 1879-80, 49°. — Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. 
Cent. ii. 305. — Burgess, Bot. Gazette, vii. 95. — Sargent, Forest 
Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 109. — Wenzig, J. c. 186.— 
Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. i. 316. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. 
ed. 6, 336. — Koehne, J. c. 512. 
Fraxinus Americana, Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 51 (in part) 
(1838). 
Fraxinus pubescens, Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 126, t. 90 (not La- 
marck) (1843). 
Fraxinus Americana, var. juglandifolia, D. J. Browne, Trees of 
America, 398 (1846). 
Frazinus Nove-Anglie, Koch, Dendr. ii. 251 (not Miller nor 
Wangenheim) (1872). — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 162, f. 53. 
Fraxinus Americana, subspec. Nove-Anglie, Wesmael, Bull. 
Bot. Soc. Belg. xxx. 108 (1892). 
