55 
OLEACEA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
FRAXINUS CAROLINIANA. 
Water Ash. Swamp Ash. 
LEAFLETS 5 to 7, ovate-oblong, acute, sharply serrate or entire, glabrous or 
pubescent. 
U. S. ix. 110.— Wenzig, Bot. Jahrb. iv. 184. — Watson 
& Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 336. 
Fraxinus pallida, Bose, Mém. Inst. ix. 201 (1808). 
Fraxinus pubescens, Bose, Mém. Inst. ix. 210 (not La- 
marck) (1808). 
Fraxinus Caroliniana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 6 (1768). — 
Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. i. 287. — Lamarck, Dict. ii. 
548.— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, ii. 582. — 
Roemer & Schultes, Syst. i. 279.— Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 
55. — Koch, Dendr. ii. 258. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. 
ed. 2, 163. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 511. 
Fraxinus Americana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 50 (not Lin- 
nzeus) (1785). 
? Fraxinus juglandifolia, Lamarck, Dict. ii. 548 (1786). 
Fraxinus excelsior, Walter, Fl. Car. 254 (not Linnzus) 
(1788). 
Fraxinus platycarpa, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 256 
(1803). — Vahl, EZnum. i. 49. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. 
1103. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 605. — Nouveau Duhamel, 
iv. 64. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. i. 103. — Michaux f. 
Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 128, t. 18.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. 
Suppl. ii. 671. — Pursh, #7. Am. Sept. i. 9. — Roemer & 
Schultes, Syst. i. 278. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 231. — Hayne, 
Dendr. Fl. 224. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 673. —Sprengel, Sys¢. 
i. 96. — Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 55.— De Candolle, Prodr. 
viii. 277. Chapman, ZF. 370.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. 
Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 53. —Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 
ii. pt. i. 75. Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census 
Fraxinus triptera, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 232 (1818) ; Sylva, iii. 
62, t. 100. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 674.— Don, Gen. Syst. iv. 
56. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. ii. 1240. — De Candolle, Prodr. 
vill. 277. 
Fraxinus curvidens, Hoffmannsegg, Verz. Pflanzenkult. 
29 (1824). 
Fraxinus paucifilora, Nuttall, Sylva, iii. 61, t. 100 (1849). 
Fraxinus Americana, var. Caroliniana, D. J. Browne, 
Trees of America, 398 (1846). 
Fraxinus Americana, var. triptera, D. J. Browne, T'rees 
of America, 399 (1846). ; 
Fraxinus Nuttallii, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1860, 444. 
Fraxinus nigrescens, Buckley, Proc. Phil. Acad. 1862, 5. 
Fraxinus Cubensis, Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 170 (1866). 
Fraxinus platycarpa, var. Floridana, Wenzig, Bot. Jahrb. 
iv. 185 (1883). 
Fraxinus nigra, subspec. Caroliniana, Wesmael, Bull. Soc. 
Bot. Belg. xxx. 113 (1892). 
Samarpses triptera, Rafinesque, New Fl. iii. 93. 
A tree, rarely exceeding forty feet in height, with a trunk sometimes twelve inches in diameter and 
slender branches which form a narrow often round-topped head. The bark of the trunk, which varies 
from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch in thickness, is light gray, more or less marked with large 
irregularly shaped brown patches, and separates into small thin closely appressed scales. The branchlets 
are terete and slender, and when they first appear are light green, and glabrous or coated with rufous 
tomentum which soon disappears; and in their first winter they are light brown tinged with red and 
sometimes covered with a glaucous bloom, light gray, or yellow, and occasionally marked with large pale 
lenticels, and with the elevated semiorbicular leaf-sears in which appear a short row of conspicuous 
fibro-vascular bundle-scars. The leaf-buds are an eighth of an inch long, with three pairs of ovate 
acute chestnut-brown puberulous scales ; those of the outer rank are thickened at the base, rounded on 
the back, and do not entirely inclose the scales of the second row. The leaves are seven to twelve 
inches long, with elongated stout terete pale petioles and five to seven long-stalked leaflets; these are 
ovate or oblong, acuminate, and usually long-pointed or rarely rounded at the apex, wedge-shaped or 
sometimes rounded or subcordate at the base, and coarsely serrate with acute incurved teeth or entire ; 
when they unfold they are pilose above and more or less covered with pale tomentum below, and at 
maturity they are thick and firm, three to six inches long, two to three inches wide, dark green on 
the upper surface, and paler or sometimes yellow-green on the lower surface, which is glabrous, or 
pubescent, especially along the conspicuous pale midribs deeply impressed on the upper side, and the 
