ULMACEjE. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



41 



the Caucasus. 



One species ^ inliabits the western Himalaya from Nepaul to Cashmere ; and another ^ 

 Thibet and northern China^ where two or three others still imperfectly known have been discovered.^ 



Th 



e type is an ancient one^^ its traces existing in the early tertiary rocks of Greenland 5 before 



the 



glacial period it long inhabited Europe^ western Asia, and North America, where it abounded on the 

 mid-continental plateau/ and ranged westward to the shores of the Pacific Ocean.*' 



Ulmus produces heavy, hard, tough, and sometimes strong light-colored wood often difficult to 

 split, containing in the American species concentric circles of irregularly arranged groups of small open 



ducts. 



The mucilaginous inner bark of the branches of the North American Ulmits fulva is used 



medicinally ; and the tough inner bark of some of the species is made into rope or woven into coarse 



cloth. 



In China a nourishing white mucilaginous meal is made from the inner bark of Elm-trees 



and used as food by the mountaineers of the northern provinces, and in the composition of incense 

 sticks J the fruit is employed in medicine, and the bark and young fruits are eaten in periods of severe 

 famine.^ 



In all temperate and boreal regions of North America and Europe Elm-trees are planted for shade 

 and ornament, particularly Ulmus Americana^ Ulmus alata^ and Ulmus crassifolia in North America, 

 and Ulmus campestrisy Ulmus scahray and Ulmus Icevis in Europe. 



In North America Ulmus is preyed upon by many insects,^ which in some parts of the country often 



t. 2 (1787). — Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. sdr. 3, x. 267 ; De Can- 

 dolle Prodr. xvii. 154. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 32. 



6 Lesquereux, L c. 260, 265, t. 45, B. f. 3, 4, 7 ; Mem. Mvs. 

 Comp. Zool. vi. pt. ii. 15, t. 4, f . 1 ; t. 6, f . 7'' (Fossil Plants of the 



Ulmus effusa, Willdenow, BerL Baumz. 393 (1796) ; Spec. i. pt. Auriferous Gravel Deposit of the Sierra Nevada). 



ii. 1325. — Loudon, Arh. Brit. iii. 1397. 



Ulmus ciliata, Ehrhart, Beitr. 88 (1791). 



Ulmus octandra, Schkuhr, Handb. i. 178, t. 67 (1791). 

 1 Ulmus Wallichiana, Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. I. c. 277 (1848) 



■^ Bretschneider, Jour. North-China Branch Roy. Asiatic Soc. n. 

 ser. XXV. 128, 365 (Botanicon Sinicum^ ii.). — Smith, Chinese Mat. 

 Med. 92) . 



^ While many species of insects feed upon Ulmus in North 



De Candolle Prodr. I. c. 158. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 432, America, the greatest injury is caused by a comparatively few 



t. 51. — Gamble, Man, Indian Timbers, 341. — Hooker f . Fl. Brit. kinds which are most abundant on and often particularly destructive 



Ind. v. 480. to trees planted for shade or ornament. Packard (Fifth Rep. U. S. 



Ulmus campestris, Brandis, I. c. 433 (not Linnaeus) (teste Hooker Entomolog. Comm.) enumerates seventy-two species as occurring on 



the Elm in the United States, and this number could probably be 

 now largely increased. 



Saperda tridentata, Olivier, whose larvae cause great destruction 



f. L c.) (1874). 



2 Ulmus parvifoliay Jacquin, Hort. Schoenbr. iii. 6, t. 262 (1798). 

 Planchon, Ann. Sci. Nat. I. c. 280; De Candolle Prodr. L c. 161. 

 Brandis, L c. 434. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, by boring into the living trees, especially in some of the western 

 xviii. 292 (Mel. Biol. ix. 25). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. PL cities, is one of the most dangerous species infesting the wood of 

 Jap. i. 431. — Hooker f. I. c. 481. — Forbes & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Elm-trees. An imported moth, Zeuzera pyrijia, Fabricius, appears 

 Soc. xxvi. 448. 



Ulmus Chinensis, Persoon, Syn. i. 291 (1805). 



ifolia 



Fl. 



ifol 



Ulmus campestrisy ChinensiSy Loudon, l. c. (1838). 



ifolia, Spach, 



Nat 



XV 



359 



(1841). 



to be destructive to Elms in New Jersey and New York, where it 

 has now become established (J. B. Smith, Garden and Forest, iii. 

 30). The most dangerous foliage-destroying insects to Elms are the 

 canker-worms, Paleacrita vernata, Peck, and Eugonia subsignaria, 

 Hlibner, and an imported Elm-leaf Beetle, Galeruca xanthomelcenay 

 Schrank. The larvse of the first often defoliate Elms and other 

 trees in the eastern and middle states, and banding the trees with 

 cloth covered with printers' ink or other sticky matter is commonly 



This handsome small tree is often planted in temple grounds practiced in order to prevent the ascent of the wingless female 



in Japan, where it was probably carried from China by Buddhist moths. The Elm-leaf beetle, imported from Europe more than half 



priests ; in the United States it is occasionally cultivated in the a century ago, is now spread over a wide area, and is often very 



neighborhood of New York and Boston, where it is hardy and destructive (Bull. 10, Division of Entomology , U. S. Dept. Agric. 



apparently perfectly at home (Garden and Forest, i. 231, 312). 

 8 Hance, Jour. Bot. vi. 332. — Maximowicz, I. c. 289 (I. c. 22). 



1887-88). The Fall Web-worm, Hyphantria cwnea, Drury, is often 

 abundant on Elms, and the White-spotted Tussock Moth, Orgyia 



Franchet, Nouv. Arcl 

 & Hemsley, L c. 446. 



Forbes leucostigma. Abbot & Smith, is occasionally troublesome, especially 



in some of the New England cities. Among sucking insects the 



^ Saporta, Origine Paleontologique des Arbres, 212, f. 25. — Zit- Cockscomb Gall-louse, Colopha Ulmicola, Fitch, produces conspicu- 



tel, Handb. Palceontolog. ii. 472, f. 280, 1-13. 



ous galls on the upper surface of the leaves, and Tetraneura Ulmi, 



Western 



^ Lesquereux, U. S. Geolog. Surv. vii. 187, t. 26, f. 1-3 ; viii. 160 Linnteus, causes the gro^vth of large galls which are more or less 



L. F. Ward, Ann. club-shaped. Schizoneura Americana^ Riley, often causes the leaves 



(Syn. Fl. Lara- to become curled, gnarled, and discolored ; and Pemphigus ulmifusus, 



mie Group). Walsh, also affects these trees. Gossyparia Ulmi, Geoffroy, recently 



1884-85, 552, t. 46, f . 1-6 



