64 



SILVA OF NORTH A3IERICA. 



ULMACEJE. 



species being distinguishable 



Four species inhabit North America; of these 



shrubs which 



2 



m 



reach the northern limits of their range within the southern border of the United States, one 

 Florida, and the other ^ in Florida and along the Mexican boundary, where it is distributed from the val- 



ancient one. and what are believed 



ley of the lower Rio Grande to southern Arizona. The type is an ancient one, 



to be the traces of several species of Celtis have been found in the miocene rocks of Europ 



4 



Celtis produces straiglit-grained tough Hght-colored wood, and that of some species, especially the 



North American Cdtis occideiitalis and the Europ 



and Asiatic Celtis australis^ is valued in the 



arts. 



In North America numerous insects prey upon Celtis/ which is also attacked by several fungal 



diseases ."^ 



Nov 



xvu 



tensia). 



Mq 



Blume, Bijdr. FL Ned. 



Ind. ii. 485 ; Mus. BoL Lugd. Bat ii. 66 (Solenostigma), 69 (Mo- 



Celtis eriocarpa, Decaisne, Jacquemont Voy. iv. 150, 1. 152 (1840). 

 Celtis australis is a tree of medium size distributed from Spain 



misia), 70 (Celtis). — Blanco, FL Filip. 197. 

 sdr. 2j xvi. 34. 



NaU and northern Africa to Afghanistan and the Himalayas of north- 



Nat 



dolle Prodr, xvii. 168. — Miquel, Martins FL BrasiL iv. pt. i. 173; 

 FL Ind. Bat. i. pt. ii. 220. 



Fl. Brit. W, 



Fl. 



XVIU 



western India. In southern Europe it is planted in coppice, and 

 from the wood hoops and oars are made ; in the mountainous re- 

 gions of India it is frequently planted as a shade-tree and for the 

 fodder obtained from the leaves and young shoots ; the sweet insipid 

 flesh of the fruit is often eaten (Brandis, Forest FL BriL Ind. 429. 

 Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers ^ 343). 



^ In the Fifth Report of the United States Entomological Com- 

 mission, 1890, forty-four species of insects were designated as 

 preying upon Celtis in North America, and the enumeration is 

 Mus. s/r. 2, V. 268 {PL David, i.). — AVarburg, Bot. Jahrb. xiii. 287 not complete. Of borers attacking these trees Httle is known. 



Franchet & 



PL Cub. 57. — Thwaites,-Bnww. PL Zeylan. 267. 



iv. 354. — Maximowicz, BulL Acad. ScL St. Petersb 



(MeL BioL ix. 27). — Bentham, FL AmtraL vi. 155. 



Savatier, Enum.PLJap. i. 431. — Parodi, AnaL Soc. Cient. Argent. 



V. 94 {Contrib. FL Paragua, 43). — Boissier, FL Orient iv. 1156. 



Hemsley, Bot. BioL Am. Cent, iii. 138. — Franchet. Nouv. Ar 



Fl, Brit. Ind. v. 481 



Forbes & 



Walsh, is sometimes abundant 



xxvi. 449 



(Papuanische Flora). 



destructive in the southern and western states, penetrating the 



2 Celtis Tala, e pallida, Planchon, De Candolle Prodr. L c. 191 solid wood and hastening its decay; probably, however, it never 

 (1873). — Hemsley, L c. 139. 



attacks perfectly healthy trees. 



lifi 



Mex 



(Man. PL PT. 



man, Romaleum atomarium, Drury, and other beetles injure the bark 

 and wood of Celtis, although the injury which they inflict is princi- 



In September, 1878, Dr. A. P. Garber discovered Celtis Tala pally upon dead or diseased trees. One or two species of Mallodon 



var. pallida on the shores of Lastero Bay, Florida. 



3 Celtis iguancBus. 

 Rhamnus iguanceuSy Jacquin, Enum. PL Carib. 16 (1760). 



Linnseus, Spec. ed. 2, 282. — Cavanilles, Icon. iii. 48, t, 



294 



545 



Willdenow; 



pt. i. 173. 



156. — Hemsley, /. c. 



Marti 



W. 



(1789) 



Willdenow, L c. (1805) 



are said to bore into living trees, Mallodon melanopus, Linnseus, 



being capable of doing much injury. 



Various general feeding insects injure the foliage of Celtis, and 



several species of leaf-eaters appear to be peculiar to the genus ; 



the most interesting of these are the butterflies, Apatura Celtis^ 

 ? FL BrasiL iv. Boisduval & Leconte, Apatura Clyton, Boisduval & Leconte, and 

 Planchon, l. a. Libythea Bachmanni, Kartland ; and a moth, Acronycta rubricoma, 



Guende. Among leaf-miners, Lithocolletis celtifoliella^ Chambers, 



and Lithocolletis celtisella, Chambers, are sometimes abundant. 



The most remarkable insects infesting Celtis in North America 



Mertensia zizyphoides, Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunth, L c. 31 are species of Psyllidse belonging to the order of Hemiptera, These 



(1817). 



Zizyphus commutatai Roemer & Schultes, SysL v. 336 (1819). 



form peculiar galls on the twigs and leaves, and are often very 

 abundant and injurious. Packypsylla Celtidis-gemmaj Riley, causes 



Mertensia rhamnoides, Roemer & Schultes, l. c. vi. 313 (1820), the buds on twigs to become rounded and irregularly distorted, pre- 



Momisia Ehrenbergiana, Klotzsch, Linnoeay xx. 538 (1847) 

 Momisia aculeatay Klotzsch, I. c. 539 (1847). 



venting their growth and the development of branches. Pachypsylla 

 Celtidis-mamma, Riley, produces large mammse-like galls on the 



Celtis Ehrenbergiana, Liebmann, Dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Shrift. under surface of the leaves, often in such abundance as to disfigure 



ser. 5, ii. 339 (1851). 



the trees ; Pachypsylla Celtidis-vesiculumy Riley, forms flat blister- 



Celtis iguanceus was collected on November 24, 1891, on Terra like yellowish galls which sometimes become confluent ; and Pa- 



Ceia Island, Florida, by J. H. Simpson. 



chypsylla venusta, Osten Sacken, produces large galls on the petioles. 



cause them. 



^ Saporta, Origine Paleontologique des Arbres, 208. — Zittel, Several species of peculiar Cecidomyidous galls found on Celtis 



Ilandb. Palceontolog. ii. 474. — Lesquereux, U. S. Geolog. Surv. vii. have been described, although little is known of the insects which 

 191 (Contrib. Foss. FL Western Territories y ii.). 



fi Linn^us, Spec. 1043 (1753). — Planchon, Ann. ScL Nat. L c. ' In North America Celtis is attacked by a comparatively small 



283 ; De Candolle Prodr. I. c. 169. — Boissier, I. c. 1156. — Hooker number of fungi, although from a mycological point of view several 



f. L c. 482. of them are interesting, especially those which belong to the order 



Planchon, Ann. of Leaf Mildews or Erysiphacese. Uncinula polychcetay Berkeley 



Boissier, I. c. & Curtis, forms a web-like mould on the leaves, and curious knots 



Willdenow, L c. 994 



Nat 



