JUGLANDACE^. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



115 



America ; one inhabits western Texas^ New Mexico^ and Arizona^ ranging far south into Mexico^ where 



one ^ and perhaps two other ^ species 



occur ; and one inhabits the valleys o£ western Cahfornia. 



The 



flora of the Antilles contains a single species of Juglans/ while two or perhaps three others occur in 

 the northern and western countries of South America.'* 



In the Old World the genus is represented 



by Jitfjlans regia^ an inhabitant of southeastern Europe and western Asia and now cultivated in all 

 temperate countries, by Juglans Mandslmrica^ of the Amour valley and northern China, and by Juglans 



pollen of Juglans Californica. The foliage and habit of growth of indigenous, however, to China, nor is there any evidence that tliis 



this tree are intermediate between those of its parents ; it produces tree is a native of Japan, as many authors have believed, although 



fruit freely and precociously, and the nuts, resembling those of it is occasionally seen in that country in the neighborhood of human 



Juglans nigra^ are said to be superior in quality to those of either habitations. The Greeks cultivated a variety of this tree obtained 



of its parents, lacking the strong flavor of the nut of Juglans nigra from Persia ; the Romans carried it to Italy, whence its cultivation 



and possessing the flavor and sweetness of those of the California as a fruit-tree has spread through all the countries of southern and 



species (Burbank, New Creation in Fruits and Flowers^ 1893, 10, f .), western Europe, the Pacific states of North America, Chili, and 



^ Juglans mollis ^ Engelmaun, Hemsley Diag. PL Nov. 54 (1880). other temperate regions. The nuts, which in the United States are 



Hemsley, Bot. BioL Am. Cent. iii. 163. 



usually called English walnuts, and are eaten fresh, sometimes be- 



Juglans Mexicana, Watson, Proc. Am, Acad. xxvi. 152 (1891). fore they are ripe, and frequently cured or pickled, form an impor- 



^ Juglans pyriformis, Liebmann, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. tant article of food in southern Europe and are consumed in all 



Kjobenh. 1850, 79. — Walpers, Ann. iii. 844. — C, de Candolle, civilized countries. The nut of the wild tree is small, with a thick 



Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 138. — Hemsley, I. c. 164. 



Wallia pyriformis f Alefeld, Bonplandia, ix. 336 (1861). 



hard shell and small kernel, and is scarcely edible, but centuries of 

 cultivation and careful selection have produced a number of forms 



^ Juglans insularis, Grisebach, Cat. PL Cub. 68 (1866) ; Kew Bull. with variously shaped thin-shelled nuts, which are propagated by 



Miscellaneous Information, April, 1894, 138. 



grafting or budding (Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1423. — Carri^re, L c. 



? Juglans cinerea, A. Richard, FL Cub. iii. 231 (not Linn^us) 1859, 147, f. 33 ; 1860, 539, f. 107, 607, f. 118 ; 1861, 425, f. 99, 



(1854). 



100, 104, 105, 108 ; 1868, 455, f. 60 ; 1872, 119 ; 1878, 53, f. 10. 



^ Little is known of the South American Walnuts. Dr. A. Ernst, C. de Candolle, Prodr. L c. 136), 



director of the National Museum of Venezuela, describes the wood 



In Europe and northern India Walnut-oil is pressed from the 



of a native species used in Caracas in cabinet-making, which he cotyledons, and is consumed in large quantities as a substitute for 



refers to Juglans cinereay Linnseus (La Exposicion Nacional de Vene- olive-oil in cooking, for illuminating, and for mixing with paint and 



zuela en 1883, 219). Fragmentary specimens of Walnut-trees have varnish (Spons, Encyclopcedia of Industrial Arts, Manufactures ^ and 



been collected in the United States of Colombia and in Bolivia Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1413, 2024). The wood of this tree, 



{Juglans nigra, var. Boliviana, C. de Candolle, Ann. Sci. Nat. s^r. which is tough, strong, moderately hard, and very durable, is light 



4, xviii. 33 (1862) ; Prodr. L c. 137); and in the central region of brown and often beautifidly marked with darker shades ; it does 



Peru, about eleven degrees south of the equator, at elevations of not warp or split easily, and can be made to receive a beautiful 



from two thousand to four thousand feet above the level of the polish. The wood of no other tree is considered so valuable for 



sea, a Walnut resembling Juglans nigra is said to be a conspicuous gunstocks ; in Europe it is largely used for this purpose and for 



and valuable timber-tree. (See Kew Bull, of Miscellaneous Informa- furniture, and in Cashmere it is employed in turnery and is some- 



tion, L c. 140.) 



times lacquered. The green husks of the nuts contain a. yellow- 



^ Linnaeus, *Spec. 997 (1753). — Duhamel, Traite des Arbres Fruit- brown coloring matter, and are used in dyeing cloth and to stain 



iers, nouv. dd. iii. t. 140, 141. — Alefeld, L c. 336. — C. de Candolle, wood dark. In India the bark is used as a dye, in native medicine, 



Prodr. L c. 135. — Kurz, Forest FL Brit. Burm. ii. 490. — Boissier, and as m dentifrice ; and the leaves and young branches serve as 

 Fl. Orient, iv. 1160. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 595. 



Juglans regia, var. Kamaonia^ C. de Candolle, Ann. Sci. Nat. 

 L c. J Prodr. L c. 136. 



fodder for domestic animals (Brandis, Forest FL Brit. Ind. 498). 



The husk of the nut has been employed in Europe as a vermi- 

 fuge from the time of the ancients, and the oil of the nut was once 



Juglans regia, var. Sinensis, C. de Candolle, ^nw. Sci. Nat. L c. believed to be efficacious against tape-worms. In France a bitter 

 t. 4, f. 38, 39 ; Prodr. L c, — Maximowicz, BulL Acad. Sci. St. and astringent infusion of the leaves has been found effective in 



Petersbourg, xvii. 57 {Mel. Biol. viii. 630). 



f Juglans intermedia alata, Carrifere, Rev. Hort. 1865, 446. 

 Dippel, Laubholzk. ii. 319. 



the treatment of scrofula (Roques, PL Usuelles, ed. 2, i. 264, t. 72, 

 f. 242. — Hayne, Arzn. xiii. 17, t. 17). From the bitter outer coat 

 of the seed a variety of tannic acid has been obtained, for which 



? Juglans intermedia quadrangulata, Carri^re, L c. 1870-71, 493, the name of nuci-tannin has been proposed (C7. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 



850), and from the green husk of the fruit nucin was obtained by 



f. 66-68. 



*ee with st 

 mountains 



xvu 



rtorium 



Armenia 



355). 



and 



(A 



times and 



in Burmah ^ Maximowicz, Bull. Phys.-Mat. Acad. St. Petersbourg, xv. 177 



It was culti- (1856) ; Prim. FL Amur. 76 ; BulL Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, I. c. 

 Led thence to 58, f. {Mel. BioL l. c. f.). — Alefeld, L c. — C. de Candolle, Prodr. 



China, where it is still grown on a large scale (Bretschneider, On L c. 138. 



^f 



,ximowicz. Prim. Fl 



/ 



It is probably not 



Acad. Sci. Sl Petersbourg, L c. 59, f. {MeL BioL L c. 632, f.). 



