116 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



JUGLANDACE^. 



a: 



h 



)ldi(ma^ of Japan. The tyjje is an ancient one in Europe, from which later it entirely disappeared, 

 existing in the cretaceous flora and abounding with many species during the tertiary epoch ; ^ in North 

 America traces of Juglans appear in the eocene rocks of the northern Rocky Mountain region and of 

 the northwest coast from Vancouver's Island to Alaska, regions where no representative of the Walnut 



4 



family now exists,^ and in the auriferous gravel deposit of the California Sierra Nevada 



Juo-lans produces handsome straight-grained light or dark brown wood valued in cabinet-making. 

 The nuts of all the species are edible, and those of Juglans regla are important commercially. The 

 juices of Juglans possess tinctorial properties, and are employed, especially those of the North American 



V : and the bark, and husk of the fruit, which contain tannic acid. 



Juglans cinerea, to dye cloth yellow ; 

 are sometimes used in tanning leather. 



The different species of Juglans are preyed upon by numerous 



5 



d 



bject to serious 



fungal diseases. 



6 



Juglans regia octogona, Carrifere, Rev. Hort. 1861, 429, f. 106, Paleontologique des Arhres, 294. — Zittel, Handb. Palcentolog. ii. 445, 



107. 



Pterocarya sorhifolia, Miquel, Ann. Mus, Bot. Lugd. Bat. iii. 103 

 {ProL FL Jap,) (not Siebold & Zuccariui) (1867). 



t. 272, f. 1-5. 



^ Lesquereux, Rep. U. S, Geolog. Surv. vii. 284, t. 54, f. 5-14, t. 

 55, 1-9, t. 56, 1-10, f . 58, f . 1, t. 62, f . 6-9 ; viii. 235, t 46% f . 11 



A native of northeastern Asia, where it was discovered by the (^Contrib. Fossil FL W. Territories, ii., iii-). 



Russian botanist Maximowicz, Juglans Mandshurica, which is hardly 



^ Lesquereiix, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. vi. pt. ii. 34 (Fossil Plants 



distinguishable from the North American Juglans cinerea in habit, of the Auriferous Gravel Deposits of the Sierra Nevada). 



foliage, and fruit, was introduced several years ago, through the 



^ Although little is known of the insects which feed upon the 



agency of the Botanic Garden of St. Petersburg, into European species of Juglans that grow in the southwestern part of the United 

 and American gardens. In New England and northern Europe it States, more than sixty kinds are recorded as preying upon this genus 

 is hardy and produces abundant crops of nuts {Gard. Chron. ser. 3, in North America. Of the wood-boring species, probably the worst 



iv. 384, f. 53. — Garden and Forest, i. 396, 443). 



known enemv of Julians in Ajnerica 



^ Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersbourg, xvii. 60, f. (^MeL pictus, Drury. Several other species, however, have been recorded 

 Biol. viii. 633, f.) (1872). — Franchet & Savatier, Enum. PL Jap. as affecting the wood or bark, chiefly after they have begun to 



453. 



Lavall^e, Icon. Hort. Segrez. 1, t. 1, 2. 

 Juglans nigra, Thuuberg, FL Jap, 195 (not Linnseus) (1784). 

 Juglans Mandshurica, Miquel, Z. c. 104 (not Maximowicz) twigs. 



decay. Among scale insects Aspidiotus Juglandis, Fitch, and Le- 

 canium Juglandifex, Fitch, are found on the bark of branches and 



(1867). — Dupont, Essences Forestieres du Japon, 62. 



The species of foliage-eaters are numerous on Juglans. The larvse 



Juglans cordiformis, Maximowicz, I. c. 62, f. L v. 635, f. of a handsome sphinx moth, Smerinthus Juglandis, Abbot & Smith, 



feed upon the leaves. These trees are favorite food-plants for the 

 larvge of the beautiful Luna Moth, Actias Luna, Liunseus, of ath- 

 eroma regalis, Fabricius, and other large Bombycids which seldom, 



(1872). 



Juglans ailantifolia, Carrifere, L c. 1878, 414, f. 86. 



Juglans macrophylla, Carri^re, L c. 415. 



The Japanese Walnut is a common tree in the forests of Yeso, however, cause much injury, and are often rather rare. Datana 



where it often attains the height of fifty feet, and is scattered minisira, Drury, is sometimes very troublesome, especially in the 



through the mountain regions of the other islands. In its habit, in western states, and Datana integerrima, Grote & Robinson, also 



the color of its pale furrowed bark, in its racemose fruit, and in the 

 pubescent covering of its young branches and the inner surface of 



Walnut 



^all Web 

 Walnut-t 



its leaves, it resembles the North American Juglans cinerea. The the eastern states, and the larvse do considerable injury, sometimes 

 nut, which varies greatly in size and shape, resembles in form and entirely stripping the trees of foliage. The larvae of numerous 

 marking the nut of Juglans regia j it is moderately thin-shelled, species of Catocala and other Noctuids are common on these trees. 



with a large sweet edible kernel, and is an important article of 

 food in all the northern districts of Japan, although the trees are 



Among smaller foliage-injuring Lepidoptera more or less pecu- 

 Lr to the erenus is the Walnut ease-bearer. Acrohasis Jualandhi. 



not cultivated at least to any extent, the nuts sold in the markets Le Baron ; and the larvse of Lithocolletis juglandiella, Clemens, 



being obtained from wild trees of the forest. 



difoliella 



Gracilaria Juglandinigrceella, 



A peculiar flattened form of this nut, pointed at the apex and Chambers, and Aspidisca juglandiella, Chambers, live within the 

 more or less cordate at the base (Juglans cordiformis), was found tissue of the leaves and make tortuous or blotch-mines beneath their 

 by the Russian naval officer Albrecht exposed for sale in the market epidermis. 



of Hakodate ; similar nuts, said to be brought from the forests of 



A little beetle, Paria aterrima, Olivier, often eats numerous 



Fuji-sau, are sold by the seedsmen of Yokohama, although the trees holes in the young leaves and devours the blossoms ; a small flat 



which produce them are not distinguished by the Japanese botan- Hemipteron, Tingis Juglandis, Fitch, is frequently found sucking 



ists (Sargent, Notes on the Forest Flora of Japan, 60). Juglans' Sie- the juices from the lower surface of the leaves of Juglans cinerea ; 



holdiana was introduced many years ago by Siebold into European and a weevil, Conotrachelus Juglandis, Le Conte, sometimes infests 



gardens ; it is perfectly hardy in central Europe and in New Eng- the fruit. 



land, where it produces fruit every year. 



6 



Juglans in North America has few peculiar fungal enemies, 



2 C. de Candolle, Ajui. ScL Nat sdr 4, xviii. 38. — Saporta, Origine and in general the same parasitic fungi which are found on it occur 



