JUGLANDACE^. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



119 



at the apex, an eighth of an inch long, and covered with rusty brown or pale pubescence. The leaves 

 are from fifteen to thirty inches long, with stout pubescent petioles and eleven to seventeen leaflets ; 

 these are oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at the apex, finely serrate with minute callous teeth 

 except at the unequally rounded base, and sessile or short-petiolulate, the terminal leaflet being raised 

 on a slender stalk often two to three inches in length ; when they unfold they are yellow-green, slightly 

 glandular and sticky, lustrous and scurfy on the upper surface and puberulous on the lower; and at 

 maturity they are three to four inches long, an inch and a half to two inches wide, thin, yellow-green, and 

 rugose above, and pale and soft-pubescent below, with conspicuous pale midribs rounded on the upper 

 side and conspicuous primary veins- In the autumn the leaves turn yellow or brown and fall early. 

 The catkins of staminate flowers are covered during the winter with the closely imbricated conspicuous 

 flower bracts coated with pale tomentum, and vary from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch in length j 

 they begin to lengthen during the month of May, and when fully grown are from three to five inches 

 long, the flowers unfolding when the leaves have attained about half their size. The perianth of the 

 flower, which is subtended by a bract covered with rusty pubescence and acute at the apex, is a quarter 

 of an inch long, bright yellow-green, slightly puberulous on the outer surface, and usually six-lobed, the 

 lateral lobes terminating in tufts of brown hairs ; there are usually twelve or sometimes eight or ten 

 stamens with nearly sessile dark brown anthers surmounted by their darker shghtly lobed connectives. 

 The female flowers are constricted above the middle and one third of an inch long, and are produced 

 in six to eight-flowered spikes, maturing after the pollen of the staminate flowers has been mostly shed. 

 The bract and bractlets which form the outer covering of the flower are coated with sticky white or 

 pink glandular hairs ; the bract is linear and acute, and is sometimes free at the base of the ovary or is 

 often adnate to it to the middle 3 the bractlets are broadly ovate, acute, entire or irregularly cut at the 

 apex into numerous small teeth, and rather shorter than the linear-lanceolate sepals, which are puberu- 

 lous on the outer surface. The stigmas are clavate, spreading, bright red, and half an inch long. Three 

 to five fruits often ripen on one branch ; they are cyHndrical, obscurely two or rarely four ridged, 

 ovate-oblong, pointed, coated with rusty clammy matted hairs, and an inch and a half to two inches and 

 a half in length. The nut is ovate or rarely obovate, abruptly contracted and acuminate at the apex, 

 and furnished at the two sutures with thick broad ridges ; alternate with these are two other ridges 

 nearly or quite as prominent, and between these dorsal and marginal ridges are four others narrower 

 and less developed ; the thick hard wall is light brown, a quarter of an inch thick, and deeply sculptured 

 on the outer surface between the ridges into thin broad irregular broken longitudinal plates, and 



internal lono^itudinal 



celled at the base and one-celled above 



the middle, with a narrow pointed apical cavity. The cotyledons are ovate-oblong, ridged on the back, 

 slightly concave on the inner face, rounded and entire at the base, and abruptly contracted above into 

 the long-pointed radicle. 



Jiiglans cinerea prefers rich moist soil in which it grows near the banks of streams and on low 

 rocky hills, and is distributed from southern New Brunswick, the valley of the St. Lawrence River 

 and Ontario^ to eastern Dakota^ and southeastern Nebraska;^ it ranges southward through the 

 northern states to Delaware, southern Missouri,* and northeastern Arkansas,^ and along the Apalachian 

 Mountains to northern Georgia and the headwaters of the Black Warrior River in Winston County, 

 Alabama.^ One of the most abimdant trees in the lowland forests of the north, south of the Oliio 

 River the Butternut is nowhere very common and is usually of small size. 



The wood of Juglans cinerea is Hght, soft, not strong, rather coarse-grained, and easily worked, 

 with a satiny surface susceptible of receiving a beautiful pohsh ; it is Hght brown, turning darker with 



1 Brunet, Cat. Vcg. Lig, Can. 46. — Bell, Geolog. Rep, Can. ^ Broadhead 



1878-80, 53^ — Macoun, Cat, Can. PL 434. 

 2 ]\IcMillan, Metaspervwe of the Minnesota 

 8 Bessey, Rep, Nebraska State Board Agri 



452 



The Butternut has been seen by Dr. Charles Mohr in Alabama 



Winston 



