6 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



CUPULIFER^. 



20 Linn^us, Spec. 996 (1753). — A. de CandoUe, Prorfr. xvi. pt. Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 482. 



ii. 4. 



602. 



Hooker £. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 

 ^iffn. 23- t. 16. f. 4-7 (Indo- 



'/ 



Quercus RobuVy which once formed large forests in central and 

 northern Europe, is generally distributed from the shores of the This is a gregarious subevergreen tree distributed over the north- 



Atlantic Ocean to Asia Minor and the trans-Caucasian provinces western Himalayas from Kumaon to Cashmere, sometimes ascend- 

 of western Asia, and from those of the Mediterranean to Scandi- ing to elevations of ten thousand feet above the sea-level, and often 



forming nearly pure forests of considerable extent. The wood is 

 dark-colored, hard, heavy, and very durable, and is largely used in 

 construction and for agricultural implements and axe-handles. The 



navia and northern Russia. 



(pedunculata and sessiliflord) with 



natural and accidental forms are distinguished. 



Quercus pedunculata (Ehrhart, Beitr, v. 161) {Quercus Rohur pe- leaves are valued as fodder for sheep and goats (Gamble, Man. 



XIX 



Reichenbach, Icon. Indian Timbers^ 383). 



FL German, xii. 8, t. 648. 



rpfi 



t. 12. — Kotschy, Die Eichen Europa's und des Orients, t. 27. — 

 Boissier, FL Orient, iv. 1163) is distinguished by its ovoid leaf- 

 buds, short petioles, and elongated fruit-stalks. Usually found on 

 alluvial plains, it often forms nearly pure forests in the valleys of 

 central Europe. 



Quercus sessiliflora (Salisbury, Prodr, 392. — Smith, L c, t. 1345. — 



28 A. de Candolle, L c. 14 (1864). — Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. 

 Bat, i. 104. — Hooker f. L c. 602. — G. King, L c. 24, t. 18. 



Mus 



Miquel, L c. — A. de Candolle, L c. 14. 



xui 



361. 



445. _ G. King, 



6> C* ^0> 



Griffith 



Reichenbach, L c. 7, t. 644. — Hartig, L c. t. 11. —Boissier, L c. wood that resembles that of the European Quercus Rohur, and is 

 1164. — Hempel & Wilhelm, Bdume und Straucher, t. 22, 23) is more valuable than that of the other Oak-trees of the eastern 

 distinguished by its ovoid lanceolate leaf -buds, longer petioles, and Himalayas (Gamble, L c. 381). 



short-stalked or sessile fruit. Widely distributed through Europe ^ Ledebour, FL Ross. iii. pt. i 



and western Asia, this form is usually accompanied by the Beech Baicalensi-Dahurica, ii. pt. i. 136. 



) — Turczaninow, FL 

 & Maximo wicz, BulL 



XV. 137 (Mel 



Ruprecht & Maack, BulL Phys. Math. Acad. Set. St. Petersbourg, 



aximowicz 



and the Hornbeam on broken, hilly, or mountainous ground. 



'^1 Lamarck, Diet. i. 719 (1783). — Brotero, FL Lusitan. ii. 33. 



Webb, Iter Hispan. 11. — Boissier, Voyage, ii. 675 ; FL Orient. xv. 373. 



iv. 1166. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. L c. 17. — Willkomm & Lauge, (Prim. FL Amur,). 



Prodr. FL Hispan. i. 240. — Laguna, FL Forestal EspaTiola, i. 235, 130 {Tent. FL Ussur.). — A. de Candolle, /. c. — Fr. Schmidt, Mem. 



t. 32, 33, f. 4, 5. — Coutinho, BoL Soc. Brot. vi. 66 (Os Quercus de Acad. Set. St. Petersbourg, xii. No. 2, 171 (Reisen in Amur-Lande). 



Mem 



Portugal). 



Herder, Act. Hort. Petrop. xi. 365 (PL Radd.) 



ihin 



Quercus Lusitanica is widely distributed in numerous arborescent Hort. Petrop. xii. 388 (PL Amur.). 



and shrubby forms through the countries bordering the Mediter- 

 ranean. Of the three subspecies in which the varieties of this 

 polymorphous species are grouped by A. de Candolle, the most 



r 



important as a timber-tree is the Algerian Z^en (subspecies Bcetica 



Quercus Robur, Pallas, Fl. Ross.n. 3 (in part) (1788). 



Quercus sessiliflora, Y3iT. Mongolica, Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. 

 sdr. 2, V. 273 (PL David, i.) (1884). 

 This tree, the eastern Asiatic representative of Quercus Robur, 



a Mirbeckd [^Quercus Mirbeckii, Durieu, Duchartre Rev. Bot. ii. 426 is the common Oak of eastern Siberia, and of Manchuria where 

 [1846] — Trabut, iJev. (?en. £o^iv. 1, 1. 1-3]). This noble tree, which it forms vast forests in the valley of the Amour River and in 

 sometimes grows to the height of one hundred feet with a trunk three northern China. It is common on Saghalin and in slightly modified 

 feet in diameter, is a native of southern Spain, where it is rare and forms (Quercus crispula^ Blume [I. c], and Quercus grosseserrata, 

 local, and of Algeria and Tunis, where it grows in the humid littoral Blume [_L c. 296]) constitutes a large proportion of the deciduous- 

 region and on the high mountains of the interior, which it ascends leaved forests of Yezo, where it grows to a large size and pro- 

 to liigh elevations. Requiring a comparatively moist soil, it selects duces timber of first-rate quality. By Franchet the Mongolian 

 deep ravines opening toward the north and rarely appears on south- Oak has been considered a geographical variety of the European 

 ern slopes at elevations below twenty-five hundred feet above the Quercus Robur. G. King (l. c.) has suggested its specific identity 



level of the sea, growing often in dense forests with scattered 



Griffith 



Chestnuts, Cork Oaks, and Cedars. The wood of the Algerian White Oaks of Yezo on the other ; and this view, in so far as it 



Z^en, which is one of the largest and most valuable trees of north- concerns Quercus grosseserrata^ is substantiated by the observations 



ern Africa, is heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, and very durable, of Miyabe (Mem. Bost. Soc 

 although difficult to season. It is used in construction and for rail- 25 Qerber, Archiv. der I 



Nat 



XXXVUl 



road ties and makes excellent fuel and charcoal, while the bark is rinde) ; ser. 2, xxiv. 167 ( Ueber das Quercin oder den Krystallinischen 



valued for tanning leather, (See Renou, Annates Forestieres, i. 422 Stoff 



Eichenrinde). — Eckert, Vierteljahresschrift 



(Forets de VAlgerie). — Legrand, iVouv. Ann. de la Marine et des Pharm. xiii. 494 (Untersuchung iiber die Bestandtheile der Eichen- 



Colonies, 1854 [ATm. sur les Richesses Forestieres de VAlgerie, 15, rinde). — Wiesner, Die Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreiche, 4S0. — Hohnel, 



49]. — Mathieu, Flore Forestiere, 4d. 2, 250. — Cosson, Annuaire de Die Gerberinden, 59. — Procter, Text Book of Tanning, 38. — Henry, 



la Societe Imperial de V Acclimatation, 1863, 298. — Livet, La Tunisie Ann. ScL Agronomique Frani^aise et Etrangere, i. 358 (Repartition du 

 ses Eaux et ses Forets, 23. — Lamey, Forets de la Tunisie, 97.) 



Tanin dans les Diverses Regions du Bois de Chene). — Trimble, The 



Exceedingly umbrageous, the Zden is recommended as an orna- Tannins, ii. 11. 

 mental tree for temperate regions with dry climates, and, as it 20 



winter 



2^ In North America no attempts have been made to raise Oak- 

 woods for the sake of tan-bark, and trees growing spontaneously in 

 gested as a food-plant, in southern Europe, for the Oak-feeding the forests have been relied upon to furnish the oak-bark used in 

 silk-worms of eastern Asia, which hatch before the indigenous Oak- the United States in the preparation of leather ; but in France, 

 trees develop their leaves (Naudin, Manuel de V Acclimateur , 453). Germany, Austria, and other European countries the production of 

 22 A, de Candolle, I. c. 41 (1864). — Royle, III. t. 84, f. 2. — oak-bark from plantations created for the purpose is an important 



