CUPULITERiE. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



7 



industry and has been practiced for centuries. The bark is beheved branches, are also cultivated (Loudon, L c. 1847. — A. de Candolle, 

 to be most rich in the astringent principle when harvested in May L c. — Dippel, Handb, LaubTiolzk. ii. 95). 



and June, and a warm climate or a southern exposure is considered 



28 Linn^us, L c. 995 (1753). — Brotero, FL Lusiian. ii. 33. 



most favorable to its production. The bark is usually gathered from Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 156, t. 43, 4-1, f. 2. — Watson, L c. ii. 90, 



saplings from twenty to thirty years old, or before they have devel- t. 90. — Reichenbach, L c. 7, t. 642. — Kotschy, L v. t. 38. — A. de 



oped the corky layer of outer bark, which is useless for tanning pur- Candolle, L c. 38. — Parlatore, L c. 197. — Willkomm & Lange, 



poses. In harvesting the bark the trees are cut, the plantations or L c. 243. — Boissier, Z. c. 1167. — Laguna, L c. 252, t. 35, 36. 



coppice woods renewing themselves several times by the vigorous Coutinho, BoL Soc. BroL vi. 94 {Os Quercus de Portugal), — Hooker 



shoots which spring from the stumps of all Oak-trees. (See Per- f. FL BriL Ind. v. 002, — G. King, Ann, Bot. Gard, Calcutta, ii. 24, 



T^ult, De TEcorfage du Chene, de la Production et de la Consommation t. 17 {Indo-Malayan Species of Quercus and Castanopsis'), 



des Ecorces a Tan en France. 



Neubrand, Die Gerhrinde.) 



27 Linnaeus, Spec, 997 (1753). — Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 182, t. 

 57. — Watson, Dendr. Brit, ii. 92, t. 92. — Reichenbach, /con. FZ. 

 German, xii. 9, t. 650. — Hartig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutsch, 578, t. 

 14. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 41. — Parlatore, i*"/. /^aZ. 

 iv. 185. — Boissier, FL Orient, iv. 1170. — Willkomm & Lange, 

 Prodr. FL Hispan. i. 241. — Laguna, FL Forestal Espanola, 268. 



Quercus Esculus, Linuseus, Mant, 496 (1771). 



Quercus ^gilops^ Scopoli, Ft. Cam. ed. 2, ii. 241 (not Linnseus) dobalanus, distinguished by rigid coriaceous, entire, or spinose-den- 



Quercus Gramuntia^ Linnseus, Z. c. (1753). — Loudon, l. t,-. 1906, 

 f. 1787, 1788. 



Quercus calicina^ Poiret. Lam, Diet, Suppl. ii. 216 (1811). 

 Quercus expansa, Poiret, L c, (1811). 



Quercus Baloot, Griffith, Itinerary Notes, ii. 328 (1848). — A.de 

 Candolle, I, c, 

 Quercus Balout, Boissier, I. c. 1168 (1879). 



* * 



Quercus Ilex is the type of Orsted's (Z. c. 61) section Ilex of Lepi- 



(1772). 



tate, subevergreen leaves, and confined to the Mediterranean basin, 



Quercus crinita, Lamarck, Diet, i. 718 (1783). — Olivier, Voyages^ Asia Minor, Afghanistan, and the northwestern Himalayas, China, 



Atlas, p. vi. 



Quercus Touimefortii, Willdenow, Sp. iv, pt. i. 453 (1805). 



and Japan, Mexico, Central America, juid the southeastern and 

 southwestern United States. Quercus Ilex is distributed through 



Quercus Atistriaca, Willdeuowy L c, 454 (1805). — Kotschy, Die the countries bordering the Mediterranean, from Spain and Mo- 



Eichen Europa^s iind des Orients, t. 20. 



roceo to the Syrian coast, and reappears in Afghanistan and on the 



Quercus Cerrls is the type of it peculiar group of Lepidobalanus eastern Himalayas, where it ascends to elevations of from three 



(subgenus Cerris, Orsted, Vidensk. Medd, fra nat. For, Kjohenh, thousand to eight thousand five hundred feet above the sea-level. 



1866, 66) with linear styles subulate at the apex, inferior abortive In some parts of Spain, soutbern France, Corsica, Siberia, and Al- 



ovules, biennial maturation, and mostly persistent leaves, which is geria, great natural forests of the Ilex exist, and in southern France 



chiefly confined to the Mediterranean basin and western Asia, but it is cultivated in coppice to supply tanners with bark. The wood 



also, with a few species, inhabits southern India, China and Japan, is close-grained, hard, and heavy, and dark reddish-brown or nearly 



and tropical America. Quercus Cerris is a tree of rapid growth and black ; it makes excellent fuel and charcoal ; and in India it is 



noble size, abounding in the forests of northern Syria, southern used for plows and other agricultural implements, and for the han- 



Russia, the Turkish peninsula, and the country south of the Black dies of small tools (Brandis, Forest FL Brit, Ind. 481). 



Sea, and ranging westward through southern Europe and north- 



In southern Europe the comestible truffles (^Tuber brumale, Yit- 



ward in Europe to Hungary and the Department of the Doubs tadini, and Tuber melanosporum, Vittadini) are found growing near 



in France. In the countries of southeastern Europe the wood, the roots of the Ilex and of several other Oak-trees, or can be pro- 



which is hard, heavy, and strong, is used in construction and ship- duced in the course of a few years by establishing plantations of it 



building (Mathieu, Flore Forestiere, 4d. 2, 251). The bark is con- in calcareous soil (Bosredon, Manuel du Trufficulteur). 



sidered more valuable than that of Quercus Robur for tanning 

 leather. 



From the time of the Romans the Ilex has been valued as an 

 ornamental plant, and to the deep shade of its leafy crown many 



Quercus Cerris is esteemed as an ornamental tree in western and gardens of Italy still owe their greatest charm. Introduced into 



central Europe, and is occasionally planted in the gardens of the England in 1581, it is hardy in the neighborhood of London, where 



United States, where it is hardy as far north as eastern Massachu- it ripens its fruit in favorable seasons. Several accidental varie- 



setts. Several accidental varieties or hybrids have appeared among ties have appeared and are sometimes found in cultivation (Loudon, 



cultivated plants. The most interesting of these, the Lucombe Oak, /. c. 1888). 



is supposed to be a hybrid with Quercus Suber. It was raised by a 



Of all acorns, those of a variety of the Ilex are most valued as 



.difolia 



nurseryman of Exeter in England named Lucombe from a seed human food. It is : 

 of Quercus Cerris gathered from a tree standing near a specimen of Quercus Ilex, y Ballota, A. de Candolle, I. c, 39 (1864). 



Quercus Suber^ and planted about 1762. The original tree was cut tinho, I, c. 97. 

 when about twenty years old and during Mr. Lueombe's lifetime, 

 in order, it is said, to furnish material for his coffin ; it had been 

 multiplied, however, by grafts, and specimens of this evergreen or 

 subevergreen Oak may still be seen in English parks and pleasure- 

 grounds (Zephaniah Holwel, PhiL Trans. Ixii. 128. — Evelyn, Silva, 

 ed. Hunter, i. 72. — Loudon, Arb. BriL iii. 1851, f. 1712-1714). 

 The Fulham Oak {Quercus Cerris denticulata, Watson, I. c. 93, 



t. 93. 



Cou^ 



muntia) (1781). — Brotero, L c, 33. 



Quercus Ballota, Desfontaines, Mem. Acad, ScL Paris, 1790, 394, 



t. 6 ; FL Atlant. ii. 350. 



Webb 



Boissier, 



Voyage, ii. 578. — Loudon, L c. 882, f . 1612, 1613. — Willkomm 



44 



Alge 



Quercus Cerris Fulhamensis, Loudon, L c. 1850, f. 1710, t.), form is common, the acorns are an important article of food for 



a variety of Quercus Cerris, ot perhaps a hybrid with some other the lower classes, who prefer them to chestnuts and eat them roasted 



species, originated in the Fulham Nurseries in Exeter about ^ or boiled (Colmeiro y Boutelou, Examen de las Enemas y demas 



century ago ; it is a large tree with broad, subevergreen coarsely Arboles de la Peninsula que producen Bellotas, 10. — Mathieu, L c. 



dentate leaves. Varieties of Quercus Cerris with pinnatifid or 257). 



sinuate-toothed leaves, with variegated foliage, and with pendulous 



29 



Bosc, Jour. Hist Nat. Paris, ii. 155, t. 22, f. 3 (1792). 



Bois- 



