8 



> 



SILVA OF NOB Til AMERICA. 



CUPULIFERiE. 



sier, Voyage, ii. 



OiO, 





Kotschy, Die Eichen Enropa's und des Orients, si u These Akornes also they drie, and in ease of want of Come, 



Willkomm & Lanoe, Prodr. FL Hispan. i. 239. — Hooker f. by much boyling they make a good dish of theui : yea sometimes in 



A. de Caudolle, Prodi\ xvi. pt. ii. plentie of Corne doe they eate these Acornes for a novelty." (Roger 



XXIU 



VI. 



Lagmia, Fl Florestal EspaTwla^ i. 231, t. 31. — Coutiuho, 



of 



BoL Soc, BroL vi. 64 (Os Quercus de Portugal). 



I 901). 



Quercus nigra, Thor^, Chlor.Landes.^Sl (not Linnaeus) (1803). "And out of the white Oak Acorns, (which is the Acorn Bears 



Quercus pubescens, Brotero, FL Liisitan, ii. 31 (1804). 

 Quercus Pf/renaica, Willdenow, Spec, iv, pt. i. 451 (1805) 



No 



Quercus Tauzin, Persoon, Syn, ii. 571 (1807). 



Quercus stolonifera, Lapeyrouse, Hist. PL Pyr, 582 (1813). 



delight to feed upon) : The Natives draw an Oyl, taking the rot- 

 tenest Maple Wood, which being burnt to ashes, they make a strong 

 Lye therewith, wherein they boyl their white Oak- Acorns until the 

 Oyl swim on the top in great quantity ; this they fleet ofP, and 

 put into bladders to annoint tlieir naked Limbs, which corrobarates 



The Tauzin is a small, deciduous-leaved, bushy, usually contorted them exceedingly ; they eat it likewise with their Meat, it is an ex- 



tree, and is common in southwestern France and the Iberian penin- 

 sula and in some parts of Syria. On sandy soil in southwestern 

 Europe it forms vigorous coppice-woods and supplies excellent ma- 

 terial for tanninof. The wood is hard and stronir, and is esteemed 

 as fuel and for charcoal (]\Iatlueu, FL Florestilre^ ^d. 2, 247). 



( Josselyn, New 



XXXI 1 



/ 



(Food and Filre 



jftlie Nor 



33 Liunseus, Spec. I c. 995 (1753). — Brotero, L c. ii. 34. — iV^o 

 veau Duhamelf "vai. 159, t. 45. — "Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 89, t. 89. 

 30 Linuc-eus, ASpec. 996 (1753). — Olivier, Foz/a^es, Atlas, p. vi. t. Boissier, Voyage, ii. 577. — Reichenbach, Icon. FL German, xii. 7, 

 13. — Tchihatchefe, Asie Min. Bot. ii. 470, t. 41, 42.— Boissier, FL t. 641. — A. de Candolle, L c. 40. — Parlatore, FL ItaL iv. 192. 

 Oriejit. iv. 1171. Willkomm & Lange, L c. i. 243.— Laguna, L c. 243, t. 34. 



Quercus Itkaburensis, Decaisne, Aim. Sci. Nat. sdr. 2, iv. 348 Coutinho, L c. 82. 

 (1835). — Kotschy, L v. t. 12. 



Fl 



Quercus Trojana^ Jaubert & Spach, III. PL Orient, i, t. 57 

 (1842). 

 Quercus Pry ami, Kotschy, L c. t. 3 (1858). 

 Quercus Ungeri, Kotschy, /. c. t. 13 (1858). 

 Quercus macrolepis, Kotschy, L v. t. 16 (1858). 



The Cork Oak inhabits southern France, Catalonia, Andalusia, 

 and Estremadura in Spain, Portugal, Tuscany, Sardinia, and Sicily, 

 the Istrian Peninsula and Greece, forming extensive forests either 

 alone or mixed with the Ilex and the Maritime Pine ; it inhabits 

 also the coast region of northern Africa from western Morocco to 



Quercus Valloneay A. de Candolle, L c. 45 (not Kotschy) Tunis, where vast Cork Oak forests still exist. While adapting 



(1864). 



itself to the climatic conditions of both plains and mountains, it 



An inhabitant of Syria, Anatolia, and Greece, the Valonia Oak appears to be most vigorous on low hills, and in Europe rarely 

 is a gregarious species, growing in Syria as a low tree with a- stout ascends more than two thousand feet above the sea-level, although 

 gnarled trunk, and in one of its forms (j3 macrolepis, Boissier, /. c.) on some of the mountain ranges of Algeria the Cork Oak grows 

 forming great forests in some parts of Greece, especially on the freely up to elevations of four thousand feet. Although attaining 

 lower slopes of Taygetos and in Crete. The wood is hard and its largest size in deep rather moist loam underlaid with granite 

 tough, and is valued for fuel. The nuts, which are large and or porphyry, it flourishes in all soils except those composed of lime- 

 very variable in shape, are sold in great quantities in the bazaars stone or heavy clay, and reaches good dimensions in sand if its roots 

 and are eaten raw or cooked (Hooker f. L c. 384, t. 88). The are able to reach a loose subsoil. It is a long-lived tree, usually 

 cups are used for tanning, and are exported under the name of not more than thirty or thirty-five feet in height, with a short trunk, 

 valonia from Asia Minor and Greece to Europe and the United sometimes growing, however, to twice this height under exception- 

 States. They contam from twenty-five to thirty-five per cent, of ally favorable conditions. The roots are large and penetrate deep 

 tannin, and, imparting a light color and greater weight and firm- into the soil, and the vitality of the tree is so great that when it is 

 ness to leather than the tannin of oak-bark, they are especially cut, or destroyed by fire, it is able to continue producing shoots 

 valued for tanning sole leather. The fruit of the Valonia Oak from the stump to an advanced age. 

 is beaten from the branches as soon as it ripens in July and The wood of Quercus Suber is hard, close-ffrained, 



difficult 



August, and is allowed to lie on the ground under the trees for split or work, and rather heavier than that of Quercus Robur ; it is 



some time to dry. It is then collected and sent to centres of ship- sometimes used for rude agricultural implements and the handles 



ment, where it is placed in piles five or six feet deep in well-veuti- of tools, and makes excellent fuel and charcoal. The chief value 



lated storehouses and left to heat for several weeks. During this of the Cork Oak. however, is in the outer layer of the bark, a 



process the nuts separate from the cups and are fed to hogs ; homogeneous spongy, elastic, and compressible mass often several 



and the cups are sorted according to their quality and are then inches in thickness, which can be removed without affecting the 



ready for shipment. Smyrna is the principal market, although health of the tree and continues to renew itself as long as the tree 



large quantities are also exported from different Greek ports remains vigorous. (For accounts of the structure and development 



(Spons, Encyclopcedia of the Industrial Arts, Manufactures, and of the bark of the Cork Oak, see Dutrochet, Compt. Rend. Acad. 



Raw Commercial Products, ii. 1226, 1992). 



Sci iv. 48. — Mohl, Flora, xx. pt. ii. 673. — C. de Candolle, Mem. 



A saccharine substance which exudes from the punctures of a Soc. Phys. et Hist Nat. Geneve, xvi. 1. — Wiesner, Die Rolistoffi 



coccus in the branches of Quercus Vallonea and of Quercus Persica PJlanzenreiches 



Sanio, PringsJieim^s Jahrb. Bot. ii. 39.) 



(Jaubert & Spach, L c. I t. 55 (1842). — Kotschy, L c. t 28) is Although well known to the Greeks and Romans, who used it to 



gathered by some of the wandering tribes of Kurdistan and used float their nets and for various domestic purposes, cork did not 



to sweeten food. The exudation hardens in small grains, and is become an important article of commerce until the seventeenth 



shaken In early morning from the trees on to sheets spread out on century, when glass bottles came into general use. The system- 



the ground or is obtained by dipping the branches into hot water atic care of forests of Cork Oak, with the regular harvesting of 



and evaporating the solution to the consistency of syrup (Fliickiger their crops of bark, was instituted in northeastern Spain in 1760 



& Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 372). (Artigas y Teixidor, Alcornocales y la Industria Taponera, 23) ; and in 



