CUPULIFERiE. 



SILVA OF NOB Til AMERICA. 



9 



Gerona, which saw the beginning of this industry, the best man- Prodr, xvi. pt. ii. 44. — Willkoram & Lano-e, Prodr. FL Hispan. i. 



aged forests of Cork Oak are still to be found. From Spain it 

 gradually spread into France and Italy, and much later into Por- 



242. 



Laguna, FL Floresial EspaTiola^ i. 271. 

 tree, which is distineTiished bv the hi 



tugal and Algeria, but in recent years Portugal has taken the lead the fruit from Qiiercus SubeVy vdth which it was long confounded, 



in the production of cork, her forests now yielding a larger quan- is an inhabitant of southwestern France, its principal station beino* 



tity than those of all other countries combined. Cork is principally in the Landes of Gascony between the Garonne and the Pyrenees, 



obtained from the natural forests, few artificial plantations having where it is found growing in company with the IMaritime Pine in 



yet been established for this purpose. The management consists sheltered situations on the sandy coast plain ; in Spain it inhabits 



in protecting the forest from fires, which, in Africa especially, have the shores of the Bay of Biscay and Estremadura ; and in Portii- 



destroyed great numbers of Cork-trees, and in dividing it into gal, while often scattered through the forests of Quercus Suber, it 



sections corresponding in number to the number of years required is said to become the prevailing species in the forests of evergreen 

 by a tree to produce a crop of bark of marketable thickness, so 



that a regular annual product may be insured by workmg each as freely as Quercus Suber, it is not economically distinguished from 



Oaks in the immediate neighborhood of the coast. Producing cork 



year the trees in one of the sections. 



it ; nor do Portuguese botanists now generally consider it specifi- 



Cork is first removed from trees with trunks six or eight inches cally distinct from that species, which, growing nearly continu- 



in diameter, or from twenty-five to thirty years of age. The first ously and often flowering more than once during the year in the 



crop is called virgin cork, and is of comparatively little value. mild climate of the Atlantic coast region, often produces fruit on 



Subsequently, the operation of harvesting the cork may be repeated branches which appear to belong to the previous but are really of 



once in every ten or twelve years for about a century, or as long as the current year. (See Barros-Gomes, Condigoes Floresiaes de For- 



the tree retains its vigor. It can be most easily removed in early tugal, 50. — Coutinho, BoL Soc. Brot. vi. 88 (Os Quercus de Portu- 



summer during the most active period of growth. Sometimes the g<^l)* — Faxon, Garden and Forest, viii. 52.) 



cork is taken from the whole trunk at once, and sometimes in two Quercus occidentalis was planted as an ornamental tree by Ber- 



or three annual sections. In either case, rings are cut with a nard de Jussieu in the park of the Petit Trianon at Versailles in 



hatchet through the outer layer of bark at the top and the bot- 1756, and, being hardier than Quercus Suber, it is now more often 



torn of the portion to be removed, and are connected by a horizon- seen in the gardens and parks of western France (Mathieu, L c, 



tal incision or by two or three incisions if the trunk is so large that 264. — Lamey, Le Chene-LTege, sa Culture et son Exploitation, 7). 



the cork cannot be removed in a single piece. Beginning at the 



^^ The Oak-galls, or nut-galls of commerce, are produced by 



upper ring, the workman then gradually loosens the corky layer Cynips Gallce tinctorice, Olivier, on the branches of a variety of 



with the flattened, slightly curved handle of his hatchet, and sepa- Quercus Lusitanica. This is : — 



rates it from the inner layer of bark. This is the phellogen, or 



cork cambium, called mother cork, and upon its integrity depends 



all the future value of the Cork-tree ; the operation, therefore, of 



removing the cork should be intrusted to careful and experienced 



men, as a cut through the living tissue or a bruise made in it with 



the handle of the hatchet might injure the life of the tree or make 



a wound which would prevent the development of another crop of 



bark. 



Quercus Lusitanica, a infectoria, A. de CandoUe, L c. 18 (1864). 

 Quercus infectoria, Olivier, Voyages, i. 253, t. 14, 15 (1801). 



Nouveau Duhamel, vii. 162, t. 49, f. 1. — Hayne, Arzn, xii. t. 45. 



Carson, Med. Bot, ii. 40, t. 85. — Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. 



xxiii. 383 (excl. syn.). 

 Quercus Lusitanica, a genuina, Boissier, Fl. Orient, iv. 1167 (1879). 



It is a small bushy tree or shrub distributed from the Island of 

 Cyprus to the western borders of Persia, and very abundant on the 

 The inner or mother bark of the Cork Oak is rich in tannin, and mountain-slopes of Syria and Asia Minor. The female insect punc- 

 as it can only be obtained by destroying the tree, whole forests of tures the young and tender shoots of the tree with her ovipositor 

 Cork Oaks have been sacrificed during the last fifty years in Italy and deposits her eggs. This produces an abnormal affluence of 

 and Algeria to supply the demand for tanning material. the juices of the plant to the shoot and the growth of an excres- 



Introduced several years ago into California, the Cork Oak flour- cence or gall, which attains its full size at the end of five or six 

 ishes in the southern part of the state and may in time become an months, when the larvse are hatched and, transformed into winged 

 important factor in its commercial prosperity, as it may in British insects, bore an exit from the gall. The best galls are those which 

 India, where it has also been successfully introduced. (For accounts are gathered while the insect is in the larval state ; these are dark 

 of the Cork Oak, its cultivation, products, etc., see Duchesne, Guide olive-green, although after the escape of the insect they lose their 

 de la Culture des Bois, 171, t. — Jaubert de Passa, Annales Fores- color and become light yellow-green. Commercially, the galls in 

 tieres, i. 175. — Eymard, Annales Forestieres, iii. 245 (De la Culture these conditions are distinguished as blue or green, and as white. 

 du Chene-Liege). — Lambert, Exploitation des Forets de Chene-Liege Aleppo, which has given its name to the oak-galls of commerce, 

 et des Bois d' Olivier en Algerie. — Mathieu, Flore Forestiere, dd. 2, was once the chief centre of their collection and exportation; but 

 257. — Balaguer y Primo, Industria Corchera. — Artigas y Teixidor, in recent years the Aleppo product has greatly decreased in impor- 

 El Alcornoque y la Industria Taponera. — Hope, Essai sur VEx- tauce, and oak-galls are now mostly gathered on the Syrian coast 

 ploitation du Chene-Liege en Algerie. — Lamey, Le Chene-Liege en and in Melelem, Cassaba, and Magnesia. They are also collected on 

 Algerie; Notice sur les Forets de la Tunisie, 93 ; Le Chene-Liege, sa the Kurdistan Mountains, and are exported in considerable quanti- 

 Culture et son Exploitation. — J) a^Yid, Le Chene-Liege, sa Culture et ties from Bussora, Bagdad, and Bashire. Oak-galls, which contain 

 sa Maladie dans le Var. — Jordana y Morera, Notas sobre los Al- from sixty to seventy per cent, of tannic or gallotannic acid, were 

 cornocales, la Industria Corchera de la Argelia. — De laGrye, Revue known to the Greeks and Romans, and for tanning and dyeing and 



des Eaux et Forets^ xxiv. 549. — Cap grand-Mo the s, Revue des Eaux 



et FOretSy xxv. 80. — Gaffigny, Le Liege et ses Applications. — Sonsa ployed in medicine, they are no longer used in this manner except 



Pimeutel, Pinhaes, Soutos e Montados. — Combe, Region du Chene- 

 Liege en Europe et dans VA/rique Septentrionale ; Les Forets de V Al- 536. — Guibourt, Hist. Drog, ed. 7, ii. 289, f. 429, 430. 



the making of ink have been used from ancient times. Once em- 



rmacogra 



Spons, 



/ • 



gene 



of the Nineteenth 



of the Industrial Arts, Manufacture 



Nat 



A. de CandoUe, mercial Products, ii. 1983. — i/. S. Dispens. ed. 10, 717). 



