10 



SILVA OF NOnTH AMERICA. 



CUPULIFEE^. 



•G Liimseus, Spec. 995 (1733). — Brotero, FL Lushan. ii. 32. 

 Nouvean Duhamel, vii. IGO, t. 46. — Webb, /^er Hispan. 15. 



— feet and forms trunks three feet in diameter ; farther south in 

 A. Japan it is rare, and is found only on high mountain-slopes. The 



de CandoUe, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 52. — Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. bark of Quercus dentata is used in Japan for tanning leather and in 



FL Hlspan. I li45. — Laguna, FL Forestal Espanola, i. 263, t. 37. 

 Coutinho, BoL Soc. BroL vi. 100 {Os Quercus de Portugal). 



the preparation of a black dye. The wood, which is coarse-grained, 

 porous, and brittle, is considered worthless except for fuel. As an 



This very variable bushy tree is distributed from Portugal and ornamental tree it is occasionally cultivated in Japan, where it is 



Morocco to Syria and Asia ]\Iinor. The most interesting, perhaps, the only deciduous-leaved Oak-tree seen in gardens. Quercus den- 



of its numerous varieties that have been described is : — tata was introduced several years ago into the gardens of Europe, 



Quercus cocci/era, C Palestinay Boissier, Fl. Orient iv. 1170 and into those of the United States, where it grows rapidly, being 



hardy as far north as eastern Massacliusetts. A variety of this 

 species, with deeply pinnatifid leaves, is also occasionally cultivated 



by the Japanese (Sargent, Forest Flora of Japan^ 67, t. -^>). 



c. 176 (1784). — Blume, L c. 290. — Miquel, 



(1879). 



Die 



^- Thunberg, L 



L c. 105. — A. de Candolle, ^ c. 50. — Franchet & Savatier, Z. c. 



447. 



Franchet, I. t-. 275. 



eni^, t. 19 (1858). 



Quercus Calliprinos, A arcuala, A. de Candolle, /. c. 56 (1864). 

 Quercus pseudo-coccifera, Hooker f. Trans. Linn. Soc. xxiii. 381, 



t. 36, 37 (excl. syn.) (not Desfontaines) (1861). 



This is the most abundant tree of Syria, covering the rocky hills This small tree, with leaves hardly distinguishable from those of 



of Palestine with u, shrubby growth and occasionally growing to a the Chestnut-tree, is very common on the coast and lower foothills 

 large size ; and to this variety belongs the famous Oak of Mamre, of central Hondo, where it springs up on rough uncultivated land, 

 known as David's Oak, which is popularly supposed to mark the and is planted in some of the silk districts of Japan to supply food 

 spot where grew the Oak or Lentisk-tree under which the patriarch for the oak-feeding silk-worms. The wood is used in large quan- 

 pitched his tent, and which is revered by Jews, Mohammedans, and titles for charcoal, and from the bark a black dye is made. Quercus 

 Christians (^Garden and Forest^ ii. 602, f. 153. — Kew Bull, Mis- serrata is said to be common in southern Manchuria, Corea, and 



cellaneous Information, vi. 226). 



several of the Chinese provinces, and is probably one of the Chi- 



The Oak kermes is produced in the countries of southern Europe nese silk-worm Oaks. It occurs also in India, on the Shan and 

 and northern Africa, and is obtained by removing by hand from Kasia hills, and in Natal and Sikkim, in a form with broader 

 the leaves and twigs just before the hatching time in May and stipules and ovate-lanceolate cup-scales, distinguished as : 



June the excrescences caused by the deposit of the eggs of the in- 

 sect (Coccws/Zzm, Linnseus). The kermes as soon as gathered are 

 subjected to the fumes of heated vinegar, which destroy the fecun- Quercus and Castanopsis)^ 22, t. 16. 



Quercus serraia, IB Roxburghii, A. de Candolle, L c. 51 (1864). 

 G. King, Ann. BoL Gard. Calcutta, ii. (Indo-Malayan Species of 



Quercus serrata, Brandis, Forest FL Brit. Lid. 486 (1874). 

 Hooker f. FL Brit. Lid. v. 601. 

 48 Forbes, Jour. Bot xxii, 83 (1884). — Franchet, L c. 275. 



Quercus CJiinensis, Bunge, l. c. 135 (not E. Brown) (1835). 

 A. de Candolle, L v. 50. 



Quercus serrata, a Chinensis, Wenzig, Jahrh. Bot. Gart. Berlin^ 

 iv. 221 (1886). 



This is a common tree on the mountains of northeastern China. 

 The leaves resemble those of the Chestnut-tree, and are not easily 

 distinguished from those of Quercus serrata, and Dr. Bretschneider 

 (Z. c. 4) believes that this was the Chestnut-leaved Oak of Incar- 

 A. Richard, Z. 0. iii. 157. — Endlicher,7l/e(i.P/Z. 113. — Wood- ville {I. c. 181), which afforded food to the wild silk-worm. In 

 ville, Med. BoL ii. 344, t. 126. — FlUckiger & Hanbury, Pharma- China a black dye is made from the cups. Quercus Bungeana was 

 cograpMa, 534. — Baillon, Traite Bot. Med. 1006. 



dity of the eggs and turn them to a dull red color. Although now 

 replaced by other coloring materials in the United States and Eng- 

 land, the kermes of the Oak are still largely employed in southern 

 Europe and in Algeria in dyeing leather and woolens. In Italy they 

 are used in coloring liquids, and in France in various cosmetics and 

 pharmaceutical preparations (A. Richard, Hist. Nat. Med. i. 318. — 

 G. Planchon, Le Kermes du Ckene aux Points de Vue Zoologique, 

 Commercial lV Pharmaceutique. — Spons, Encyclopcedia of the Indus- 

 trial Arts, Mamfactures, and Raw Commercial Products, i. 861). 



2^ Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 138. — Griffith, Med. Bot. 585.— 

 Johnson, Man. Med. Bot. N. A. 249.— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1260. 



S8 



^9 U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1261. 



^^ Incarville, Memoires Concernant les Chinois, ii. 588, — Ber- 

 trand, Annales Forestieres, ii. 644. — Meadows, Commercial Report 

 on the Consular District of Netc-chwang (^Commercial Reports from Her 



introduced by Dr. Bretschneider into the Arnold Arboretum in 

 1882, and has proved a vigorous and hardy tree in the climate of 

 eastern Massachusetts. 



xxvu 



of India 



Majesty's Consuls in China and Japan, 1865, 257), — McCartee, ^^ Roxburgh, F^. /nc?, ed. 2, iii. 642 (1832). A. de Candolle 



North China Branch AsiaL Soc. n. ser. iii. 75. — Hance, Jour. Linn. L c. 51. — Miquel, I. c. 111. — Hooker f. L c. 603. 

 Soc. X, 482 ; xili. 7. — Bretschneider, On Chinese Silk-worm Trees, 26, t. 20. 

 3. — Rein, Industries of Japan, 205. 



41 Thunberg, FL Jap. 177 (1784). — Blume, Mm. Bot. Lugd. 



G. King, /. c- 



Wen 



Bat i. 297. 



This is it small, deciduous-leaved, gregarious tree, common on. 

 Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 105. — A. de Can- the outer ranges of the Himalayas, where it is distributed from 



Franchet the Indus to Nepaul, and in the Shan States of upper Burmah, 



dolle, L c. 13. — Hance, Anii. Sci. Nat. sdr. 5, v. 243. 



Franchet, Nouv 

 s4v. 2, V. 272 (PL David, i.). 



445 



Jircn. Mus. ilie wood, which is hard and heavy, is used in construction, for 



agricultural implements, and for charcoal. The bark is used iu 

 Quercus obovata, Bunge, Mem. Sav. ^tr. SL Petershourg, ii. 136 tanning, and the leaves and young branches are fed to sheep and 

 (Enum. PL China-Bor.) (1835). — A. de Candolle, L c. 13. goats. The nuts are devoured by many animals, and are em- 



Quercus pinna fifida, Franchet & Savatier, L c. (1875). 

 This species, which is common on the hills in the neighborhood 



ployed in native medicine as a diuretic and in the treatment of 



(Brandis, Forest Fl, 



Man 



of Peking and on the borders of Mongolia, is very abundant in Indian Timbers, 384). 



southern Yezo and northern Hondo, where, on gravelly plains little 



46 



above the level of the ocean, it often grows to the height of eighty Arb. Brit. iii. 1731, 



Evelyn, Sylva, 15. — Strutt, Sylva Britannica. — Loudon^ 



