16 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



CUPULIPERJE. 



QUERCUS ALBA. 



White Oak. 



Leaves obovate-oblong, obliquely, usually T-lobed, or pinnatifid, pale and glab 



below. 



Quercus alba, Linnaeus, Spec. 996 (1753). — Miller, Diet. 



ed. 8, No. 11. — Muenchhausen, Haicsv. v. 253. 



Du 



Roi, Harhh Baumz. ii. 270, t. 5, f . 5. — Wangenheim, 

 Beschreih. Novdam. Holz. 56 ; Nordam. Holz. 12, t. 3, 



f. 6. 

 119. 



Lamarck, Diet. i. 720. — Marshall, ArhusL Am. 

 Moench, Bdume Weiss. 95. — Evelyn, Silva, ed. 



Hunter, i. 70. — Walter, Fl. Car. 235. — Castiglioni, Viag. 

 negli Statl Uniti^ ii. 348. — Abbot & Smith, Insects of 

 Georgia^ ii. 173, t. 87. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 



A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 22. — Orsted, Vidensk. 

 Medd.fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1866, 66 ; Liehmann Chenes 

 Am. Trap. t. 33, f . 29, 30, 58, 59. — Wesmael, Bull. Fed. 

 Sac. Sort. Belg. 1869, 341. — Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bat. 

 ii. 249, f . 156. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 50. — Bentley & 

 Trimen, Med. PL iv. 250, t. 250. — Sargent, Forest Trees 

 N. Am. 10th Census TJ. S. ix. 137. — Lauche, Deutsche 



Dendr. 294. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin^ iii. 



177. 



Houba, Chmes Ain. en Belgique^ 235, t. 



Mayi', 



708. 



Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 276; Spec. iv. pt. i. 



448; Enum. 977. — Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 4; 

 Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 195. — Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Neue 

 Schrift. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Berlin^ iii. 395. — Persoon, Syn. 



Wald. Noi 

 Man. ed. 6 



Watson & Coulter, Ch 



Handb 



ii. 570. 



Mem 



pt. i. 340. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 508. — Du Mont 

 de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 423. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. 

 Med. iv. 413. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 13, t. 1. 

 Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 633. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 



225. 



Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215 ; Sylva^ i. 14. — Nouveau Du- 



Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 127. — Coulter, Contrib. TJ. S. 

 Nat. Herb. ii. 414 (Man. PI. W. Texas). 

 Quercus alba pinnatifida, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. 

 No. 4, t. 5, f. 1 (1801) ; Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 195. — Loudon, 



Arb. Brit. iii. 1864. 

 Quercus alba (repanda), Michaux^ Hist. Chenes Am. No. 

 4, t. 5, f. 2 (1801).— Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 633. 

 Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 159. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1864. 



hamel^ vii. 175. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 158. — Elliott, Sk. 

 ii. 607. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 864. — Audubon, Birds, t. 



Wesmael, Bull. Fed. Sac. Hort. Belg. 1869, 342. 

 pel, Handb. Laubholzh. ii. 75. 



Dip- 



107, 147. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 158. — Spach, Hist. Quercus alba, a pinnatifido-sinuata, Hayne, Dendr. Fl> 



Veg. xi. 155. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 192. — Emerson, 



158 (1822). 



Trees Mass. 127, t. 1 ; ed. 2, i. 145, t. — Dietrich, Syn. Quercus alba, /? sinuata, Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 159 (1822). 

 V. 311. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 266. — Brendel, Quercus alba, y microcarpa, A. de CandoUe, Prodr. xvi 



Trans. III. Agric. Soc. iii. 613, 1. 1. — Curtis, Pep. Geolog. 

 Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 31. — Chapman, Fl. 423. 



pt. ii. 22 (1864).— Wesmael, Bidl. Fed. Soc. Hort. Belg 



1869, 342. 



A tree^ growing to an average height of from eighty to one hundred feet, with a trunk three or 

 four feet in diameter. The principal Hmbs are stout, and, spreading irregularly from the stem at a 

 broad angle and in a slightly zigzag manner, form an open crown of rather slender rigid branches. 

 Crowded by other trees in the forest, the White Oak sometimes grows to a height of one hundred and 

 fifty feet, its trunk rising from a base occasionally six feet in diameter, tapering gradually to the first 

 branches, which are often seventy or eighty feet above the ground, and bearing a comparatively narrow 

 head. When, however, it has grown in the full enjoyment of light and air, the White Oak is low and 

 round-headed, with a short gnarled trunk occasionally twelve feet in diameter and great wide-spreading 

 branches which are often contorted toward their extremities. The bark of the trunk and lars'e 

 branches is light gray slightly tinged with red or brown, or occasionally nearly white, and is broken into 

 thin appressed scales ; on large trunks it is sometimes two inches in thickness, and is divided into broad 

 flat ridges by shallow fissures. The branchlets are slender, and are marked with minute pale lenticels ; 

 and at first are bright green and often tinged with red, and coated with a loose tomentum of lono- 

 pale or ferrugineous hairs, which soon disappears, falling in large irregular patches; during the 

 summer they turn reddish brown, in their first winter are bright red and lustrous or are coated with a 

 glaucous bloom, and in their second year become ashy gray. The winter-buds are broadly ovate, rather 



