30 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



CUPDLIFER^. 



on stout pubescent petioles flattened on the upper side and from half an inch to nearly an inch in 



The stipules are linear- 



len 



gth, and before falling in th 



e autumn sometimes turn a bright scarlet. 



lanceolate, coated with dense tomentum, from half an inch to an inch in length and usually caducous, 



those of the upper leaves, however, sometimes remaining on the branch throughout the season. 



The 



staminate flowers are produced in hirsute aments ; their calyx-lobes are glabrous, laciniately cut, slightly 

 ciliate on the margins with soft fine hairs, ovate-acute and but little longer than the stamens, with 

 emarginate glabrous yellow anthers, or sometimes linear-lanceolate and much elongated. The pistiUate 

 flowers are sessile or short-pedunculate, and are coated with pale tomentum. The fruit is sessile or 

 short-stalked, with an oval or slightly obovate obtuse sweet nut from an inch to an inch and a quarter 

 in length and from half an inch to nearly an inch in breadth ; the cup is shallow, cup-shaped or slightly 

 turbinate, puberulous and light brown on the inner surface, and pubescent or tomentose on the outer ; 

 the scales are ovate-acute, with acute and often elongated tips ; they are thin and free, or sometimes 

 thickened and more or less united toward the base of the cuf), and, gradually decreasing in size from 

 below upward, are minute at the rim.^ 



Q 



Garry an 



ally inhabits valleys and the dry and 



& 



elly slopes of low hills, and is 



buted from 



thern part of Va 



Island and 



valley of the 



Frazer R 



southward through western Washington and Oregon and the California coast-valleys to the Santa Ci 

 Mountains, Rare and local in British Columbia^ where it is the only Oak-tree, Querciis Garryana 

 abundant and grows to its largest size in the valleys of western Washington and Oregon, ascending 

 shrubby forms to considerable elevations on the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and occasi( 



It is 



ally reappearing on their eastern slopes, where it is common in the valley of the Yakima River, 

 abundant in northwestern California, gradually becoming less frequent and of smaller size southward, 

 and in the neighborhood of the Bay of San Francisco is exceedingly rare. 



As a timber-tree, Quercus Garryana is the most important Oak of Pacific North America. 



The 



wood is strong, hard, and close-grained, and that from young trees is frequently exceedingly tough and 

 valuable- It contains numerous and often conspicuous medullary rays and bands of from one to three 

 rows of open ducts marking the layers of annual growth. It is light brown or yellow, with thin nearly 

 white sapwood. The specific gravity of the absolutely dry Avood is 0.7453, a cubic foot weighing 4&A5 

 pounds. In Oregon and Washington it is used in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, in cabinet- 

 making and shipbuilding, and in cooperage, and is also largely consumed as fuel. 



Quercus Garryana 



was discovered on the shores of Puget Sound by Archibald Menzies,^ the 



century, 



surgeon and naturalist of Vancouver, during his voyage of discovery at the end of the last 

 although no account of it was published until after its rediscovery near the Columbia River many years 

 later by David Douglas,^ who named it in honor of Nicholas Garry, secretary of the Hudson's Bay 

 Company, by whom he was aided in his explorations in western America. 



tate lobing of such leaves at the apex as the prhicipal character duced ou vigorous trees of this species, are otherwise similar, 

 for distinguishing Quercus JacobL In specimens, however, taken The flowers are 



unknown 



by Professor Macoun from the tree in Vancouver upon which this thicker and more tuberculate scales at the base of the cup. This 

 species was founded, the subpalmate venation does not appear, the is probably the Quercus 



(Er 



veins leaving the midrib at comparatively broad angles ; and on found it in September, 1865, in southern Oregon. Unfortunately, 

 the same individual tree leaves with both sj^stems of veiuing can however, the specimens upon which Quercus 



(Erstediana 



often be found (Plate ccclxv. f. 1, from a specimen from the type lished have not been preserved, and his account of this species 



tree of Quercus Jacohi). 



excites some doubt whether the author described this dwarf form 



1 On dry hillsides in the Klamath valley of northern California, of Quercus Garryana or Quercus BrewerL These two plants appear 

 at an elevation of twenty-five hundred feet above the level of the to have been figured in Greene's West Am. Oaks as Quercus (Ersted- 

 sea, what appears to be a dwarf form of this species (Plate ccclxv. 



laria. 



f. 3) is very abundant, growing to a height of six or ten feet and 2 George M. Dawson, Canadian Naturalist, n. ser. ix. 330. 



producmg fruit in the greatest profusion. The buds and branches Macoun, Cat. Can. PL 440 ; pt. v. 355. 



and their pubescence are not distinguishable from those of Quercus ^ See ii. 90. 



Garryana^ The leaves, although rather smaller than those pro- 4 g^^ jj^ 94.^ 



