CUPULIFER^. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



43 



QUERCUS MACROCARPA 



Bur Oak. Mossy Cup Oak. 



Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuately lobed or divided, 

 usually pale and pubescent on the lower surface. 



Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux, Hist. Chenes Am. No. 2, 



t. 



3 (1801) ; Fl Bor.-Am. ii. 194. — Willdenow, 

 S])eG. iv. pt. i. 453 ; Emtm. 977 ; BerL Bituinz, ed. 2, 

 350. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 570. — Poiret, Lam. Diet. Suppl. 

 ii. 224. — Michaux f. Hist. Arh. Am. ii. 34, t. 3. — Pursh, Quercus olivseformis, Michaux f. Hist. Arh. Am. ii. 32, 



Walcl. Nordam. 143, t. 2. — Watson & Coulter, Gi'ay'& 

 Man. ed. 6, 475. — Dippel, Hanclh. Lauhholzk. ii. 79. 

 Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 128. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. 

 Nat. Herb. ii. 414 {Man. PL W. Texas). 



FL Am. Sept. ii. 632. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 215. — Nonveau 

 Dithamel^ vii. 182. — Hayiie, Dendr. FL 161. — Sprengel, 

 Syst. iii. 863. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 159. — Torrey, FL 

 N. T. ii. 191, t. 108. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 132, t. 2, 

 f. 2 ; ed. 2, i. 149, t. — Scheele, Boemer Texas, 447. 

 Dietrich, Syn. v. 311. — Brendel, Trans, IlL Agric. Soc. 

 iii. 621, t. 5. — Chapman, FL 423. — A. de Candolle, 



« ■ 



Prodr. xvi- pt. ii. 20. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. 

 For. Kjobenh. 1866, 67 ; Liehman7i Chenes Am. Trop. t. Quercus macrocarpa, var. oUvaeformis, Gray, Man. ed 



2, 404 (1856). — AVenzig, Jahrb. Bot. GarL Berlin, iii 



t. 2 (1812). — Pursh, FL Am. Sept. ii. 632. — Nuttall, 

 Ge7i. ii. 215; Sylva, i. 14. — Nonveau Duhamel, vii. 

 181. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 864. — Loudon, Arh. Brit. iii. 

 1869, f. 1730. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 159. — Torrey, 

 FL N. Y. ii. 191. — Gray, Man. 414. — A. de Candolle, 

 Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 20. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. 

 For. Kjohenh. 1866, 67. — Wesmael, Bidl. Fed. Soc. Sort. 

 Belg. 1869, 336. 



G, t. 33, f. 27, 28. — Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. ii. 250, 



f. 157. — W 



Hort 



179. 



Dippel, Handh. Lauhholzk. ii. 80. 



335, t. 2. — Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 51. — Engelmann, Quercus macrocarpa, ^ abbreviata, A. de Candolle, 



Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 381, 389. — J. F. James, Joitr. 

 Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 1, t. — Wenzig, Jahrb. 



Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 20 (1864). — Wesmael, Bidl. Fed. Soc. 

 Hort. Belg. 1869, 335. 

 Bot. Gart. Berlin, iii. 178. — Lauclie, Deutsche Dendr. Quercus naacrocarpa, y minor, A. de Candolle, Prodr. 



295. 

 140. 



Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Censu. 



Houba, Chenes Am. en Belgique, 269, t. 



Mayr, 



xvi. pt. ii. 20 (1864). — Wesmael, Bidl. Fed. Soc. Hort 

 Belg. 1869, 335. 



This is one of tHe largest Oaks of eastern North. America, rising sometimes to a height of one 

 hundred and sixty or one hundred and seventy feet, and forming a trunk six or seven feet in diameter 

 and clear of limhs for seventy or eighty feet above the ground, and a broad head of great spreading 

 branches with an ambitus of one hundred and twenty or one hundred and thirty feet. Trees of this 

 size, however, are not common, the average height of the Bur Oak being hardly more than eighty feet, 

 and its average trunk diameter not more than three or four feet, while toward the northwestern limits 

 of its range it is sometimes reduced to a low shrub. During its early years the stout branches of some 

 individuals grow nearly at right angles with the stem, and on others, spreading at narrow angles, form an 

 open irregular head ; but in its old age the Bur Oak, unless it has been crowded in the forest, develops 

 a massive and beautiful round-topped crown of branches.^ The bark of the trunk is from one to 

 two inches in thickness, deeply furrowed, and broken on the surface into irregular plate-Kke light brown 

 scales often slightly tinged with red. The branchlets are stout and marked with pale lenticels, and at 

 first are coated with thick soft pale pubescence which usually soon disappears ; during their first winter 

 they are light orange-color and usually glabrous or occasionally slightly puberulous, and in their second 

 year grow ashy gray or light brown, ultimately becoming dark brown ; and the corky wings, often 

 from an inch to an inch and a half in width, which are formed on the branches of some individuals and 

 persist for several years, usually begin to develop, although frequently they do not appear, before the 

 third or fourth season. The buds are broadly ovate, acute or obtuse, and from an eighth to nearly a 



1 Garden and Forest, ii. 497, f. 136 ; iii. 402. f. — Forest Leaves, iv. 22 f. 



