CUPULIFERiE. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



99 



QUERCUS VIRGINIANA 



Live Oak. 



Leaves oblong, elliptical or obovate, entire or remotely spinose-dentate, pale or 

 silvery white on the lower surface. 



Quercus Virginiana, Miller, Diet. ed. 8, No. 16 (1768). 



Evelyn, Silva^ ed. Hunter, i. 72, — Du Mont de Courset, 



Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 426. — Koch, Dendr. \i. pt. ii. 57. 



Dippel, Handb. Laiihholzk. ii. 91, f- 39. — Sudworth, 



Rep. Sec. Agric. U. S. 1892, 328. — Coulter, Contrib. 



U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 416 (Man. PI. W. Texas). 

 Quercus Phellos, /S, Linnaeus, Spec. 994 (1753). 

 Quercus Phellos, c, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 255 (1770). 

 Quercus Phellos, y obtusifolia, Lamarck, Diet. i. 722 



(1783). 

 Quercus Phellos sempervirens, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 



124 (1785). — Castiglioni, Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 345. 

 Quercus sempervirens, Walter, FL Car. 234 (not Miller) 



(1788). 

 Quercus virens, Alton, Hort. Kew. 



111. 



356 (1789). 



Michaux, Hist. CMnes Am. No. 6, t. 10; FL Bor.-Am 

 ii. 196. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 425 ; Emtm. 974. 

 Persoon, Syn. ii. 567. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i 



Nouveait Duhaviel^ vii. 151. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 595. 

 Sprengel, Syst. iii. 858. — Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 177. 

 Scheele, Roemer Texas, 446 ; Linncra, xxii. 147. 



Die. 



trich, Syn, v. 307. — Torrey, Bot. Mex. Bound. Sui'v^ 



Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Suri\ N. Car. 1860, iii 



206. 

 35. 



Chapman, FL 421. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi 



pt. ii. 37. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. 

 Kjobeiih. 1866, 69 ; Liebmann Chenes Am. Trap. t. 33, 

 f. 50-57.— Vasey, Am. Ent. and Bot. 282, f. 175. 

 Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad, iii. 383. — Hemsley, 

 Bot. BioL Am. Cent. iii. 178. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. 

 Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 145. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. 

 Gart. Berlin,, iii. 181. — Houba, Chenes Am. en Belgique, 

 302, t. — Watson & Coulter, Grat/s Man. ed. 6, 477. 

 Quercus oleoides, Chamisso & Schlechtendal, Linncea^ v. 

 79 (1830). — Martens <& Galeotti, BulL Acad. Sci. Brux. 

 X. 208. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 

 1866, 69. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berlin^ iii. 218. 



718. 

 342. 



Bosc, Mem. Inst. Nat. Sci. Phys. Math. viii. pt. i. Quercus Sagraeana, Nuttall, Sylva, i. 17 (1842). 

 Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 507. — Poiret, Lam. Quercus Cubana, A. Richard, FL Cub. iii. 230 (1853). 



Diet. Suppl. ii. 213. — Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iv. 404. 



Michaux f. Hist 



Pursh, FL Am 



Sept. ii. 626. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214 ; Sylva^ i. 16. 



Quercus retusa, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. Vidensk 

 Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 187. — Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. 

 fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1866, 69. 



A tree^ forty or fifty feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter above its swollen 

 and buttressed base, and usually dividing a few feet from the ground into three or four great horizontal 



covermg an area 



f 



rom one 



wide-spreading limbs which form a low dense round-topped head often 

 hundred to one hundred and fifty feet across ; occasionally sixty or seventy feet tall, with a trunk 

 diameter of six or seven feet, but often shrubby, and sometimes not more than a foot high. The bark 

 of the trunk and large branches is from half an inch to an inch in thickness and is dark brown tinged 

 with red and sHghtly furrowed, the surface separating into small closely appressed scales. The 

 branchlets are slender, rigid, marked with pale lenticels, and coated at first with hoary tomentum which 

 soon begins to disappear, and during their first winter are ashy gray or light brown and pubescent or 

 puberulous, becoming darker and glabrous the following season. The winter-buds are globose or 



htly obovate, about one sixteenth of an inch long, and covered by thin light chestnut-b 



scales 



with scarious white margins. The leaves are revolute in the bud, oblong, elliptical or obovate, gradu- 

 ally narrowed and wedge-shaped or, in Texas and Mexico, sometimes rounded or cordate at the base, 

 rounded or acute at the apex, and usually entire with thickened and conspicuously revolute margins, 

 or rarely furnished above the middle with a few rigid spinose teeth; when they unfold they are 

 thin, light green tinged with red, covered with scattered pale stellate hairs on the upper surface, and 

 coated on the lower with thick hoary tomentum ; and at maturity they are thick and coriaceous, very 

 dark green and lustrous above, pale or silvery white and pubescent or puberulous below, from two 



