CUPULIFEIL^. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA, 



111 



QUERCUS AGRIFOLIA 



Live Oak. Encina. 



Leaves oval, orbicular, or oblong, entire or sinuately spinose-dentate, convex on the 

 upper surface. 



Cienc. Nat 



cion de varias Especies mievas de Encina) (1801), 

 Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 431. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 568. — 

 Pursh, FL Am. Sept. ii. 627. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214 ; 



Sylva^ i. 5, t. 



Noitveait Duhamel^ vii. 156. 



Sprengel, Syst. iii. 859. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 



Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. iii. 167. — Kellogg, Forest 

 Trees of California^ 78. — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bat. Gart. 

 Berlin^ iii. 203. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th 

 Census U. S. ix. 146. — Greene, West Am. Oaks^ 7, t. 5 ; 

 Man. Bot. Bay Region^ 303 ; Pittonia^ ii. 114. — Dippel,. 

 Handh. Lauhholzkj ii. 124, f. 61. 



894. 



55, 



Bentham, PZ. ^ar^^^;^^^. 337 ; Bot. Voy. Sidphur^ Quercus oxyadenia, Torrey, Sitgreaves' Rep. 172, t. 17 



Hooker, Icon. iv. t. 377. — Hooker & Arnott, Bot. 



(1853). 



Voy. Beechey, 391, — Dietrich, S^jn. v. 308. — Carriere, Fl. Quercus berberidif olia, Liebmann, Oversigt Dansk. 



des Serres, vii. 137, f. — ToTvej, Sitgreaves' Rep. 173; 

 Pacific R. R. Rep. iv. pt. i. 138 ; v. 365 ; vii. 20 ; Bot. Mex. 

 Bound. Saw. 206; Ives' Rep. 2^ \ Bot. Wilkes Explor. Quercus arcoglandis, Kellogg, Proc. CaL Acad. i. 25 



Vidensk. Selsk. Forhandl. 1854, 172. — Orsted, Liebmann 

 Chenes Am. Trap. 22. 



Exped. 460. — Paxton, Brit. Fl. Card. ii. 44. — New- 



(1855). 



berry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi. 32, f. 9. — Bolander, Proc. Quercus agrifolia, var. frutescens, Engelmann, Brewer & 



Cal. Acad. iii. 229. — A. de CandoUe, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii 



37. 



Orsted, Vidensk. Medd. fra not. For. Kfohenh 



Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 98 (1880). — Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot 

 Gart. Berlin^ iii. 203. 



1866, 69; Liebmann Chenes Am. Trop. t. 44. — Engel- Quercus agrifolia, y berberifolia, Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot 



mann, Trans. St. Lonis Acad. iii. 383 ; Rothrock Whee- 

 ler's Rep. vi. 374 ; Bretver & Watson Bot. Cal. ii. 98. 



Gart. Berlin, iii. 203 (1885). 



This is a low round-topped tree, occasionally eighty or ninety feet in height, with a short trunk 

 three or four or rarely six or seven feet in diameter, dividing a few feet above its base into numerous 

 great limbs which often rest on the ground and frequently cover an area one hundred or one hundred 



d fifty feet 



the stem 



height of thirty or forty feet, is crowned by 



year 



narrow head of smaller branches ; or often it is much smaller, or shrubby in habit, with slender stems 

 only a few feet high. The bark of the trunk is from two to three inches in thickness, dark brown 

 slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad rounded ridges separating on the surface into small 

 closely appressed scales ; that of the young stems and the branches is much thinner, and is close, light 

 brown or pale bluish gray. The branchlets are slender, dark gray or brown tinged with red, and 

 coated at first with hoary tomentum which often does not entirely disappear until the second or third 



The winter-buds are globose and usually about a sixteenth of an inch in length, or ovate-oblong, 

 acute, and sometimes on vigorous shoots nearly a quarter of an inch long, and are covered by thin 

 broadly ovate closely imbricated light chestnut-brown glabrous or pubescent scales. The leaves are 

 revolute in the bud, oval, orbicular or oblong, rounded or cordate at the base, rounded or acute and 

 apiculate at the apex, and entire, or sinuate-dentate with slender rigid spinose teeth ; when they unfold 

 they are tinged with red and coated with caducous hoary tomentum which in disappearing sometimes 

 leaves conspicuous clusters of white hairs in the axils of the primary veins on the lower surface of 

 the half-grown leaves ; and at maturity they are subcoriaceous, convex, dark or pale green, dull and 

 obscurely reticulate on the upper surface, and on the lower surface paler, rather lustrous, glabrous or 

 stellate-pubescent, and often furnished with tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the principal veins ; or^ 

 on occasional individual trees, they are covered above with pale stellate hairs and coated below with thick 

 hoary pubescence ; usually from two to two and a half inches long and about an inch and a half wide, 



