CUPULIFERiE. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



141 



QUERCUS CALIFORNIOA 



Black Oak. 



Leaves oblong or obovate, glabrous or pubescent 



on the lower surface, pinnatifid- 



lobed, the lobes tapering and acute or broad and obovate, repand-dentate or entire. 



Quercus Californica, Cooper, Smithsonian Rep. 1858, 261 

 (1859). — Sucl worth, Garden and Forest^ v. 98. — Coville, 

 Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 196 (Bot. Death Valley 



Exped.). 

 Quercus tinctoria, var. Calif ornica, Torrey, Pacific B. R. 



Rep. iv. pt. i. 138 (1856) ; Bot. Mex. Bound. Sttrv. 205 ; 



Ives' Rep. 28. 

 Quercus rubra, Bentham, PI. Hartiveg. 337 (not Linnseus) 



(1857). 

 Quercus Kelloggii, Newberry, Pacific R. R. Rep. vi, 28, 

 f. 6; 89 (1857). — Torrey, Bot. Wilkes Explor. Exped. 



463. 



R. Brown Campst. Horce Sylvance^ 58, f. 4-6. 



Engelmann, Br eiver & Watson Bot. Cat. ii. 99. — Kellogg, 



Forest Trees of California^ 83. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. 



Am, \^th Census U. S. ix. 149. 



Wenzig, Jahrb. Bot, 



Gart Berlin^ iii. 215. — Greene, West Am. Dales, 1, 1. 1 ; 

 Man. Bot. Bay Region, 303. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 282, 

 t. 2. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 117. — Koehney 

 Deutsche Dendr. 132. — Merriam, North American Fauna^ 

 No. 7, 334 {Death Valley Exped. ii.). — S. B. Parish, Zoly 



IV. o 



"46. 



Quercus Sonomensis, A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 62 



(1864). 



Bolander, Proc. Cal, Acad. iii. 230. — Orsted, 



Vidensk. Medd. fra nat. For. Kjobenh. 1866, 72. 

 gelmann, Rothrock Wheeler's Rep. vi. 374. 



En- 



A tree, occasionally one hundred feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter and 

 stout spreading branches which form an open round-topped head; frequently much smaller, and at high 

 elevations reduced to a small shrub. The bark of the trunk is from an inch to an inch and a half in 

 thickness, dark brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black, divided into broad ridges at the base of 

 old trees, and broken above into thick irregular oblong plates covered with minute closely appressed 

 scales ; that of the young stems and the branches is smooth and light brown. The branchlets are stout 

 and marked with minute pale lenticels and are coated at first with thick hoary tomentum which soon 

 begins to disappear ; during their first winter they are rather bright red or brown tinged with red and 

 usually glabrous, but sometimes pubescent or puberulous or cove 

 dark red-brown in their second year. The winter-buds are ovate 



ed with 



bloom, and grow 



adually narrowed and acute at the 



apex, about a quarter of an inch long, and 



ed by closely imbricated pale chestnut-br 



the thin scarious margins with pale hairs and pubescent toward the point of the bud 



scales 



The 



leaves are convolute in vernation, oblong or obovate, truncate, wedge-shaped or rounded at the narrow 



d oblique sinuses rounded at the bot- 



and the 



base, seven or rarely five-lobed by wide and deep or shallow ai 



tom ; the terminal lobe is ovate, three-toothed at the apex with acute bristle-pointed teeth 



lateral lobes, the central pair of which is usually much larger than the others, taper gradually from the 



base or are broad and obovate, and are coarsely repand-dentate with acute pointed teeth, or sometimes 



when they unfold the leaves are dark red or purple, and pilose on the upper surface, and coated 



on 



the 



and 



on 



the 



petioles with thick silvery white tomentum, and when half grown are bght 



pubescent above and pubescent or tomentose below ; at maturity they are thick and firm 



dark yellow-green and glabrous or rarely stellate-pubescent above, and hght yellow 



or 



brownish and glabrous or pubescent below ; or, on occasional individual trees, the mature leaves and 



their petioles are covered with hoary pube 



they are from three to six inches long and from 



four inches wide, and, borne on slender nearly terete yeUow petioles from one to two inche 



<r 



th 



yellow or brown in the autumn before fall 



& 



The stipules are oblong-lanceolate to lin 



late, brown and scarious, about three quarters of an inch long, and caducous. The flowers appear m 

 April and May when the leaves are about half grown, the staminate borne in hairy aments four or five 



