CUPULIFER^. 



SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 



151 



QUERCUS PALUSTRIS. 



Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak. 



Leaves obovate, sinuate-lobed by deep wide sinuses, the spreading lobes acute or 



obtuse, usually coarsely repand-dentate 



Quercus palustris, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 253 (1770). 

 Du Roi, Ohs. 35 ; Harbk. Baumz, ii. 268, t. 5, f. 4. — 

 Moench, Bdume Weiss. 95. — Wangenheim, Nordam. 

 Holz. 76, t. 5, f. 10. — Borkhausen, Handh. Forsthot. i. 



Michaux, Hist. CMnes Am. No. 19, t. 33, 34; 



Medd. frcb nat. For. Kjohenh. 1866, 31, 72, £• 4 ; Lieb- 

 mann Chenes Am. Trop. t. A. — Wesmael, Bull. Fed. 



Hoi 



706. 



Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. Ii. 71. 



Lauche, Deutsche 

 Dendr. 299. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. lOtli Census 



Mass 



FL Bor.'Am. ii. 200. — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 446; 

 Emim. 976 ; Berl. Baiimz. ed. 2, 343. — Persoon, Syn. 

 ii. 569. — Bosc, Mem. Inst. Nat. Sci. Phys. Math. viii. pt. 

 i. 349. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 511. — Poiret, Lam. 

 Diet. Suppl. ii. 222. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 123, t. 



U. S. ix. 151. — W 



187. 



Houba, CMnes Am. en Belgiqite^ 169, t. 



Wat- 



son & Coulter, &i'ay's Man. ed. 6,478. — Mayr, Wald. 

 Nordam. 148, t. 2. — Dippel, Handb. Lanbholzk. ii. 



115. 



Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 132. 



25. 



Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 292. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Quercus rubra dissecta, Lamarck, Diet. i. 720 (1783). 



Sept. ii. 631. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 214. — Nouveau Duhamel^ 



Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 423. 



vii. 172. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 158. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. Quercus rubra ramosissima, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 122 



863. 



Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1887, f. 1758-1761, t. 



(1785). 



Muehlenberg & Willdenow, Neue Schrift 



Spach, Hist. Veg. xi. 166. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 190, t. 



GeselL Nat. Fr. Berlin^ iii. 398. 



107. 



Dietrich, Syn. v. 311. — Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. Quercus palustris, {3 cucuUata, Wesmael, Btill. Fed. Soc 



3, 269. — Brendel, Trans. III. Agric. Soc. iii. 631, 1. 10. 



Hort. Belg. 1869, 346. 



* • 



A. de Candolle, Prodr, xvi. pt. ii. 60. — Orsted, Vidensk. 



A tree, usually seventy or eighty feet in heiglit^^ with a trunk two or three feet in diameter^ often 

 clothed with small tough drooping branches^ or^ when crowded in the forest by other trees^ sometimes 

 one hundred and twenty feet high, with a clean trunk sixty or seventy feet tall and four or five feet 

 in diameter near the ground. Until it is forty or fifty years old the slender elongated branches of the 

 Pin Oak, which are beset with short ridged spur-like lateral branchlets a few inches in length, form a 

 broad symmetrical pyramidal head, the lowest branches being generally shorter than those above them 

 on the tree ; as it reaches middle Hfe the branches become rigid and more pendulous and are often 

 covered with the small drooping branchlets characteristic of this tree, while the narrow head grows open 



in outline. The bark of the trunk is from three quarters of an inch to an inch and a 

 quarter in thickness, and is light gray-brown, generally smooth and covered with small closely appressed 

 scales ; that of young trunks and the branches is smooth, lustrous, and light brown, frequently tinged 

 with green. The branchlets are slender, very tough, and marked with minute scattered pale lenticels ; 

 they are dark red at first and covered with short pale silvery tomentum, but soon become green and 



d irregular 



glabrous, and in their first winter are lustrous, dark reddish brown 



& 



& 



wi 



t> 



darke 



r m 



year, wh 



en they are often tinged with olive-green and ultimately are dark gray-b 



their second 



The winter-buds are ovate, gradually narrowed and acute at the apex, about an eighth of an inch long, 



scales often puberulous toward the 



d covered by numerous closely imbricated light chestnut-brown scales 



in and sometimes ciliate margins. The leaves are convolute in the bud, obovate in outline, narrowed 



d wedge-shaped or broad and truncate at the base, and seven or often five-lobed by usually wide 



d deep but occasionally narrow shallow sinuses rounded at the bottom 



terminal lobe 



ovate, 



acute, three-toothed toward the apex or entire, and the lateral lobes are spreading or oblique, sometimes 

 falcate, especially the lowest pair, gradually tapering and acute at the dentate apex, or obovate and 

 broad at the apex, particularly those of the upper or of the middle pairs which are longer than the others 



