CUPULIFERZ., 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 27 
FAGUS AMERICANA. 
Beech. 
Loses of the calyx of the staminate flower short and rounded. Leaves oblong- 
ovate, coarsely dentate-serrate, deciduous. 
Fagus Americana, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 370 (1826). — 
Spach, Hist. Vég. xi. 201. 
Fagus Americana latifolia, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 162 
(1770). — Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 80, t. 29, £. 55. 
Fagus sylvatica, c Americana latifolia, Du Roi, Harbk. 
Baume. i. 269 (1771). 
Fagus sylvatica atro-punicea, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 
46 (1785). 
Fagus sylvatica, Schoepf, Mat. Med. Amer. 140 (not Lin- 
neus) (1787). — Walter, Fl. Car. 233. — Castiglioni, 
Viag. negli Stati Uniti, ii. 239. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 
i. 624. — Darlington, #7. Cestr. ed. 2, 538. 
Fagus ferruginea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 362 (1789). — 
Du Roi, Harbk. Baumz. ed. 2, i. 871. — Abbot & Smith, 
Insects of Georgia, ii. 149, t. 75. — Willdenow, Berl. 
Baumz. 112; Spec. iv. pt. i. 460; Hnwm. 980. — Persoon, 
Syn. ii, 571.— Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 496.— Du 
Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 416. — Michaux f. 
Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 174, t. 9.— Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. 
iii. 49.— Bigelow, 27. Boston. 224.—- Pursh, Fl. Am. 
Sept. ii. 624. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 856. — Hooker, FV. 
Bor.-Am. ii. 159. — Torrey, Fl. N. Y¥. ii. 194, t. 110. — 
Darlington, Fl. Cestr. ed. 3, 271. — Chapman, #7. 425. — 
Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 47. — A. de 
Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 118. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. 
ii. 19. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed, 2, 286. — Sargent, 
Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U.S. ix. 157. — Mayr, 
Wald. Nordam. 176. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. 
ed. 6, 480. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 58, £. 22.— 
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 121. 
Fagus sylvestris, Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 170, t. 8 
(1812). — Hooker, #7. Bor.-Am. ii. 159. 
Fagus alba, Rafinesque, F7. Ludovic. 131 (1817); New 
Fi. iii. 80. 
Fagus sylvatica, 8 Americana, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 216 
(1818). — Elliott, Sx. ii. 613. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 
1953. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 158 ; ed. 2, i. 180, t. (excl. 
staminate flower). 
Fagus rotundifolia, Rafinesque, Atlant. Jour. 177 (Flo- 
rula Texensis) (1833); New Fi. iii. 81. 
Fagus heterophylla, Rafinesque, New f7. iii. 80 (1836). 
Fagus nigra, Rafinesque, New FI. iii. 81 (1836). 
Fagus ferruginea, latifolia, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 1980, 
f. 1916 (1838). 
Fagus ferruginea, Caroliniana, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 
1980, £. 1915 (1838). 
Fagus atropunicea, Sudworth, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, 
xx. 42 (1893); Rep. Sec. Agric. 1892, 328. — Coulter, 
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 418 (Man. Pl. W. Texas). 
A tree, usually seventy or eighty, but under exceptionally favorable conditions occasionally one 
hundred and twenty feet in height, with a trunk three or four feet in diameter, often sending up from 
When 
crowded by other trees in the forest the Beech grows tall, with a long and comparatively slender trunk 
the roots numerous small stems, which sometimes form broad thickets around the parent tree. 
free of branches for more than half its length, and a narrow head; in open situations, where the 
branches have room for free lateral growth, it is short-stemmed, and the thick trunk divides into 
numerous limbs, which spread gradually, and form a broad compact round-topped head of slender 
The bark of the trunk is compact 
The 
branchlets are slender, and when they first appear are pale green, and coated with long soft pale 
slightly drooping branches beset with short lateral leafy branchlets. 
and from one quarter to one half of an inch in thickness, with a smooth light steel-gray surface. 
caducous hairs; during their first summer they are olive-green or orange-color, and conspicuously 
marked with oblong bright orange-colored lenticels, and, gradually growing red, they become bright 
reddish brown during their first winter, darker brown during their second season, and ultimately ashy 
gray. The buds are formed before the beginning of summer, when the growth of the year is 
completed, and are covered with numerous closely imbricated scales, increasing in length from the 
bottom of the bud upward; they are ovate, rather abruptly pomted, and puberulous, especially toward 
