CUPULIFERZ. 
32 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
suspended on a slender bibracteolate peduncle. Nut ripening in autumn, ovate, acute, flattened, 
obscurely longitudinally ribbed, crowned with the remnants of the calyx, marked at the narrowed base 
with a small circular pale umbilicus; pericarp of two coats, the outer thin and membranaceous, the 
inner thicker, hard, and bony. Seed solitary by abortion, filling the cavity of the nut, suspended, 
exalbuminous, marked at the apex with the abortive ovule; testa membranaceous, light chestnut-brown ; 
cotyledons thick and fleshy, plano-convex, epigzous in germination, much longer than the short superior 
radicle turned toward the minute hilum. 
Four species of Ostrya are now known; two are North and Central American, one of them being 
widely distributed over the eastern part of the continent, while the other has been seen only on the 
upper slopes of the cafion of the Colorado River in Arizona; one species’ inhabits southern Europe 
and western Asia, and the fourth is a native of northern Japan.? Traces of leaves and fruit discovered 
in the eocene and miocene rocks of Europe show that several species of Ostrya existed in Europe during 
the tertiary period, when it ranged as far north as Greenland ;* at that time it inhabited the central 
mountainous part of the North American continent * and Japan,> and impressions of the leaves of what 
are believed to be the existing species of eastern America have been found in the yellow sandstones of 
southern New Jersey.® 
Ostrya produces exceedingly hard close-grained wood, and bark rich in tannic acid. 
In North America the genus is not seriously affected by insects” or fungal diseases.’ 
Plants of the different species can be easily raised from seeds, which usually do not germinate until 
the second year after they are sown. 
produce in the case of some people an acute inflammation which 
does not entirely disappear for several hours. 
1 Ostrya Ostrya (not Macmillan). 
Carpinus Ostrya, Linneus, Spec. 998 (excl. hab. Virginia) 
(1753). — Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 200, t. 59. 
Ostrya carpinifolia, Seopoli, Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii. 244 (1772). — 
Reichenbach, fcon. Fl. German. xii. 5, t. 635. — A. de Candolle, 
Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 125. — Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 152. — Boissier, 
Fil. Orient. iv. 1178. 
Ostrya vulgaris, Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 469 (1805). — Har- 
tig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutschi. 259, t. 22.— Hempel & Wilhelm, 
Béume und Strducher, ii. 35, £. 141, t. 18. 
Ostrya Italica, Spach, Ann. Sct. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 246 (1841) ; 
Hist. Vég. xi. 216. 
The European Hop Hornbeam, which is scattered through the 
forest on low mountain slopes, is distributed from the coast region 
of southeastern France eastward through Italy, Sicily, southern Aus- 
tria, Dalmatia, and the countries of southeastern Europe to north- 
ern Syria, Armenia, and Transcaucasia. It is sometimes cultivated 
as an ornamental tree in the gardens of western and central Europe, 
and has been introduced into those of the United States, where it 
is hardy as far north as eastern Massachusetts. 
2 Ostrya Japonica, Sargent, Garden and Forest, vi. 383, f. 58 
(1893) ; Forest Fl. Japan, 66, t. 22. 
Ostrya Virginica, Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 
xxvii. 537 (Mel. Biol. xi. 317) (not Willdenow) (1881). 
Nowhere abundant, the Japanese Hop Hornbeam inhabits with 
isolated individuals the forests of deciduous-leaved trees which 
cover central and southern Yezo, and occurs also in the province 
of Nambu in northern Hondo. Occasionally rising to the height of 
eighty feet, and forming a tall straight trunk eighteen inches in 
diameter, it is usually much smaller, with an average height of 
from twenty to thirty feet. Although very similar to the species of 
eastern America, the Japanese Hop Hornbeam differs from it in its 
thinner leaves and smaller strobiles, in the color of its bark, and in 
habit. 
Ostrya Japonica was introduced in 1888 into the Arnold Arbore- 
tum by seed sent from Japan by Dr. H. Mayr, and has proved 
hardy in the climate of eastern Massachusetts. 
Of the Ostrya Mandshurica of Budischtschew, included by Traut- 
vetter in his Incrementa Flore Phenogame Rossice (Act Hort. 
Petrop. ix. 166), from the Transussurian districts of Manchuria, I 
have no knowledge. For geographical reasons it may be supposed 
identical with the Japanese species. 
8 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 146. — Lesquereux, 
Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. vii. 142 (Contrib. Fossil Fl. Western Terri- 
tories, ii.). — Zittel, Handb. Paleontolog. ii. 418. 
4 Lesquereux, U. c. vill. 151 (J. c. iii.). 
" Nathorst, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl. xx. 42, t. 3, f. 2 
(Contrib. Fl. Foss. Jap.). 
6 Hollick, Bull. Torrey Bot. Club, xix. 332. 
7 No injurious borers in the wood of Ostrya are recorded in 
North America. 
leaves, which are also eaten by the larve of at least one of the 
The Fall Web-worm is frequently seen on the 
American Silk Moths, Telea Polyphemus, Cramer. Leaf-miners 
are particularly common and often do serious injury to the foliage. 
Lithocolletis ostryefoliella, Clemens, Coleophora Ostrye, Clemens, 
Aspidisca ostryefoliella, Clemens, Nepticula ostrycefoliella, Clem- 
ens, Gracilaria ostryeella, Chambers, and other species have been 
noted on the eastern tree. The fruit is often destroyed by a small 
weevil, or other insect with weevil-like habits, which in its larval 
stages lives within the nut. 
8 Of the fungi which attack Ostrya in America, nearly all are 
species found also on other trees. Only Taphrina Ostrye, Lade- 
beck, which bears a striking resemblance to a closely related species 
found on Ostrya in Europe, need be alluded to bere. It makes 
small patches of a deep purple color on the leaves in early summer 
without being specially injurious to the tree. 
