SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
CUPULIFER, 
OSTRYA VIRGINIANA. 
Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood. 
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at the apex. 
Ostrya Virginiana, K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. ii. 6 (1873). — 
Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. ii. 139. — Koehne, Deutsche 
Dendr. 117. — Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 414 
(Man. Pl. W. Texas). 
Carpinus Ostrya, Linneus, Spec. 998 (in part) (1753). — 
Wangenheim, Beschreib. Nordam. Holz. 137; Nordam. 
Holz. 48. — Marshall, Arbust. Am. 25. — Abbot & Smith, 
Insects of Georgia, ii. 151, t. 76. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. 
Am. iii. 53, t. 7. 
Carpinus Virginiana, Miller, Dict. ed. 8, No. 4 (1768). — 
Du Roi, Harbk. Bawmz. i. 130. — Moench, Béwme Weiss. 
19; Meth. 694.— Lamarck, Dict. i. 708. — Willdenow, 
Berl. Baumz. 53. — Nouveau Duhamel, ii. 201. — Du 
Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 413. 
Carpinus Virginica, Muenchhausen, Hausv. v. 
(1770). — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 493. 
Carpinus Ostrya: Americana, Michaux, 2. Bor.-Am. 
ii. 202 (1803). 
Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow, Spee. iv. pt. i. 469 (1805) ; 
Enum. 982; Berl. Baumz. ed. 2, 260. — Persoon, Syn. 
120 
ii. 573. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 302. — Pursh, 7. 
Am. Sept. ii. 623. — Bigelow, Fl. Boston. 232. — Nuttall, 
Gen. ii. 219. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 169. — Elliott, Sk. ii. 
618. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 856. — Audubon, Birds, t. 
40. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 160.— Spach, Ann. Sci. 
Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 246; Hist. Vég. xi. 218.— Torrey, F7. 
N. Y. ii. 185, t. 102. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 177; ed. 
2, i. 201, t. — Darlington, FV. Cestr. ed. 3, 274. — Chap- 
man, Fl. 426. — Curtis, Rep. Geolog. Surv. N. Car. 1860, 
iii. 75. — A. de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 125. — 
Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 
158. — Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 284.— Watson & 
Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 474. 
Zugilus Virginica, Rafinesque, Fl. Ludovic. 159 (1817). 
Ostrya Virginica, a glandulosa, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 
sér. 2, xvi. 246 (1841); Hist. Vég. xi. 218. 
Ostrya Virginica, 8 eglandulosa, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. 
sér. 2, xvi. 246 (1841) ; Hist. Vég. xi. 218. 
Ostrya Ostrya, Macmillan, Metasperme of the Minnesota 
Valley, 187 (1892). 
A tree, occasionally fifty or sixty feet in height, with a short trunk two feet in diameter, but 
usually not more than twenty or thirty feet tall, with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches thick. 
The branches are long and slender, and furnished with thin lateral branchlets, which spring from them 
at acute angles, and, spreading nearly at right angles with the stem, droop at their extremities and form 
a round-topped open head frequently fifty feet across. The bark of the trunk is rarely more than a 
quarter of an inch in thickness, and is broken into narrow thick oblong closely appressed plate-like 
light brown scales slightly tinged with red on the surface. The branchlets are slender, very tough, 
and marked with numerous pale lenticels, which lengthen horizontally as the branches increase in size, 
and remain for many years and until the bark becomes rough and scaly; when they first appear the 
branchlets are ight green, and coated with pale hairs; at midsummer they are light orange-color and 
very lustrous, and during the first winter they are dark red-brown and lustrous, gradually growing 
darker brown, and losing their lustre in the following year. The buds are ovate, acute, a quarter of an 
inch long, and covered by loosely imbricated light chestnut-brown slightly puberulous ovate acute 
scales ; those of the inner ranks lengthen slightly as the bud expands in early spring, and are green at 
the base and bright brown tinged with red toward the apex. The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, 
gradually narrowed into long slender points or acute at the apex, narrowed and rounded cordate or 
occasionally wedge-shaped at the base, which is often unequal, and sharply and doubly serrate with 
small triangular slender incurved callous teeth terminating at first in tufts of caducous hairs; when 
they unfold they are light bronze-green, glabrous above, and coated below on the midribs and primary 
veins with long pale hairs; and at maturity they are thin and extremely tough, dark dull yellow-green 
on the upper surface, light yellow-green and furnished with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils 
of the veins on the lower surface, from three to five inches long, and from an inch and a half to two 
