4] 
CUPULIFERE. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
and three are indigenous in Japan. Of these two species, Carpinus Carpinus' and Carpinus cordata,? 
constitute the section Distegocarpus, and the third, Carpinus laxiflora? is a Eucarpinus. Traces of 
Carpinus have been found in the tertiary rocks of Alaska,‘ and in the upper miocene of the Colorado 
parks and of Nevada,’ regions from which the genus has now entirely disappeared ; and in those of the 
eocene and miocene of Europe palzontologists have discovered impressions of the leaves and fruits of 
several species.° 
Carpinus produces hard close-grained wood and astringent bark sometimes used in Europe for 
tanning leather. 
In America Carpinus is not seriously injured by insects’ or subject to fungal diseases.® 
Carpinus can be easily raised from seed, which usually does not germinate until the second year, 
and the varieties can be grafted. 
Carpinus, the classical name of the Hornbeam, was adopted by Tournefort,? and afterward by 
Linnzus, who united with it the Ostrya of earlier botanists. 
borhood of Vladivostock (Regel, Mém. Acad. Sci. St. Pétersbourg, 
sér. iv. 130 [ Tent. Fl. Ussur.]. — Trautvetter, Act. Hort. Petrop. ix. 
165 [Incrementa Fl. Ross.]}). 
1 Sargent, Garden and Forest, vi. 364, f. 56 (1893) ; Forest Fi. 
Japan, 64, t. 21. 
Distegocarpus Carpinus, Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. 
Miinch. iv. pt. iii. 227, t. 3, C (1846). — A. de Candolle, Prodr. 
xvi. pt. iii. 128. 
Carpinus Japonica, Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd. Bat. i. 308 (1850). — 
Miquel, Ann. Mus. Lugd. Bat. i. 121.—Franchet & Savatier, 
Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 451. — Maximowicz, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Péters- 
bourg, xxvii. 533 (Mél. Biol. xi. 311). 
This is a tree forty or fifty feet in height, with a straight trunk 
from twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, and wide-spreading 
branches which form a beautiful round-topped symmetrical head. 
Very abundant at two thousand feet above the level of the sea in 
the deciduous-leaved forests of the Hakone and Nikko Mountains 
in central Hondo, it does not appear to range far northward in that 
island or to reach southern Yezo. Introduced about twenty years 
ago into the gardens of central and western Europe and into those 
of the United States, Carpinus Carpinus flourishes on the Atlantic 
seaboard as far north as eastern Massachusetts, and is conspicuous 
in American gardens from its compact pyramidal habit, its dark 
green leaves, and large hop-like strobiles of fruit. 
2 Blume, /. c. 309 (1850). — Miquel, J. c.— Franchet & Savatier, 
l. co. 452. — Maximowicz, l. c. (J. c. 312). — Sargent, Garden and 
Forest, viii. 294, f.41; Forest Fl. Japan, I. c. 
Distegocarpus ? cordata, A. de Candolle, J. c. (1864). 
Carpinus cordata is one of the most distinct and beautiful of the 
Hornbeams. It is often forty feet in height, with a straight trunk 
eighteen inches in diameter covered with dark deeply furrowed 
scaly bark, « broad round-topped head of large thin deeply cordate 
leaves, winter-buds often an inch long, and fruit-clusters five or six 
inches in length. Comparatively rare at high elevations on the 
mountains of Hondo, Carpinus cordata is one of the commonest 
trees in the deciduons-leaved forests of central Yezo, and is there 
the only representative of the genus, as it probably is in Manchuria, 
where this species reaches a more northern station in Asia than is 
attained by any other Hornbeam. 
8 Blume, J. c. (1850). — Miquel, J. c.— Franchet & Savatier, 
l. c. 451. — Maximowicz, 1. c. 536 (I. c.). — Sargent, Garden and 
Forest, vi. 364 ; Forest Fl. Japan, l. c. 
Distegocarpus laxiflora, Siebold & Zuccarini, 1. c. 228 (1846). — 
A. de Candolle, . ¢. 
Carpinus laxiflora is a slender graceful tree occasionally fifty 
feet in height, with a trunk eighteen or twenty inches in diameter 
covered with smooth pale sometimes nearly white bark, and slen- 
der open clusters of fruit. It is the Japanese representative of 
Eucarpinus, and a common inhabitant of all mountain forests in 
the southern islands ; it is usually found at elevations of from two 
to three thousand feet above the ocean, but on the southern shores 
of Voleano Bay in southern Yezo, where it finds its northern 
home, it grows at the sea-level to its largest size in forests of White 
Oaks. 
Of the other Hornbeams described in books on the flora of 
Japan, Carpinus erosa (Blume, l. ec. 308) and Carpinus Tschonoskii 
(Maximowicz, l. c. 534 [l. c. 313]) are doubtful species unknown 
to Japanese botanists ; and Carpinus Yedoensis (Maximowicz, l. c. 
[2. c. 314]), a small Eucarpinus not unlike the Himalayan Carpinus 
viminea, Lindley, is only known in the empire as a cultivated plant 
by the borders of rice-fields in the neighborhood of Tokyé, and is 
perhaps, like many other plants cultivated by the Japanese, of 
Chinese origin (Sargent, Forest Fl. Japan, l. c.). 
4 Heer, Svensk. Vetensk. Akad. Handl.t.11, f. 12 (Fl. Foss. Alask.). 
5 Lesquereux, Rep. U. S. Geolog. Surv. vii. 142, t. 19, f. 9, t. 64, 
f. 8-10 ; viii. 152, t. 27, f. 10, 12-14 (Contrib. Fossil Fl. W. Terri- 
tories, l1., lll.). 
6 Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 148. — Zittel, 
Handb. Paleontolog. i. 420. 
7 The few species of insects that are recorded as living on Car- 
pinus in North America are usually more common on other trees. 
The Fall Web-worms and one or two species of the large Ameri- 
can Silk-worms and other Bombycide find the leaves of the Horn- 
beam palatable food, and other leaf-eating insects live on the 
foliage, but have never been reported as occurring in large numbers, 
No borers are especially destructive to the stems, although Acop- 
tus suturalis, Leconte, has been found boring into the branches 
(Proc. Entomolog. Soc. Washington, ii. 70). 
8 The most conspicuous and abundant fungus on Carpinus in the 
United States is Pezicula carpinea, Tulasne, which sometimes 
covers the branches for distances of several feet. It appears in 
the form of clusters of small flat cups or knobs, which rupture the 
outer bark and probably cause the death of the branch. Nemo- 
spora aurea, Fries, an imperfect fungus, is often seen on the 
branches of Carpinus, upon which, in moist weather, it produces 
Several 
fungi of the order Pyrenomycetes, like Diaporthe Carpini, Fackel, 
and Fracchica callista, Saccardo, also live on Carpinus without 
small yellow exudations, at first tendril-like in shape. 
seriously injuring it. 
% Inst. 582, t. 382. 
