42 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
CUPULIFERZ. 
CARPINUS CAROLINIANA. 
Hornbeam. Blue Beech. 
Invo.ucres of fruit usually 3-lobed, and coarsely toothed on one margin. 
ovate-oblong, sharply serrate. 
Carpinus Caroliniana, Walter, 77. Car. 236 (1788). — A. 
de Candolle, Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 126. — K. Koch, Dendr. ii. 
pt. ii. 4. — Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. v. 85. — Sar- 
gent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census U. S. ix. 158. — 
Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 283. — Watson & Coulter, 
Gray’s Mun. ed. 6, 474. — Dippel, Handb. Laubholzk. i. 
141, f. 66. 
Leaves 
Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. ii. 202. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. 
Am. iii. 57, t. 8. — Aiton, Hort. Kew. ed. 2, v. 301. — 
Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 623. — Nuttall, Gen. ii. 218. — 
Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 168. — Elliott, Sx. ii. 618. — Bigelow, 
Fl. Boston. ed. 2, 357. — Watson, Dend?. Brit. ii. 157, t. 
157. — Sprengel, Syst. iii. 855. — Guimpel, Otto & Hayne, 
Abbild. Holz. 107, t. 84. — Loudon, Arb. Brit. iii. 20138, f. 
Carpinus Betulus, Linnezus, Spec. 998 (in part) (1753). — 
Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 116 (in part). 
Carpinus Betulus Virginiana, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 25 
(not Carpinus Virginiana, Miller) (1785). 
1936. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 160. — Spach, Ann. Sei. 
Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 252; Hist. Vég. xi. 224. — Torrey, Fl. 
N. Y. ii. 185, t. 103. — Emerson, Trees Mass. 174; ed. 2, 
i. 198, t. — Dietrich, Syn. v. 304. — Darlington, FV. Cestr. 
Carpinus Americana, Michaux, Fl. Bor-Am. ii. 201 ed. 3, 273. — Chapman, Fl. 425.— Curtis, Rep. Geolog. 
(1803). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. i. 468; Berl. Baumz. Surv. N. Car. 1860, iii. 75. — Mayr, Wald. Nordam. 
ed. 2,75; Hnum. Suppl. 64. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 573. — 177. 
A bushy tree, rarely forty feet in height, with a short fluted trunk occasionally two feet in 
diameter, and a wide graceful airy head; usually much smaller, and at the north generally shrubby 
with numerous slender spreading stems. The bark of the trunk is light gray-brown, sometimes marked 
with broad dark brown horizontal bands, smooth, close, and compact, and from a sixteenth to an eighth 
of an inch in thickness. The branches, which are long, slightly mgzag, slender, and very tough, 
spreading gradually from the stem at first, are pendulous toward the extremities, and furnished with 
numerous short thin lateral branchlets growing at acute angles, the whole forming in summer broad 
flat-topped masses of foliage; when they first appear the branchlets are pale green and coated with 
long white silky hairs, soon becoming bright red on the side exposed to the sun; during the summer 
they are orange-brown, conspicuously marked with small white lenticels which do not disappear for two 
or three years, and sometimes slightly pilose ; they become dark red and lustrous during the first winter, 
then gradually lighter, and ultimately a dull gray tinged with red. The winter-buds are ovate, acute, 
about an eighth of an inch long, and covered with ovate acute puberulous light chestnut-brown scales 
white and scarious on the margins; those of the inner ranks lengthen slightly with the branch, and 
when fully grown are light red above the middle and green below, and sometimes nearly half an inch 
long. The leaves are ovate-oblong, often somewhat falcate, long-pointed, sharply and doubly serrate 
with stout spreading glandular teeth except at the base, which is rounded, wedge-shaped, or rarely 
subcordate, and often unequal by the greater development of one side; when they unfold they are pale 
bronze-green and covered with long white hairs, which are more crowded on the lower side, and when 
fully grown they are thin and firm in texture, pale dull blue-green on the upper surface, light yellow- 
green, glabrous or puberulous, and marked with small tufts of white hairs in the axils of the veins on 
the lower surface, from two to four inches long, and from an inch to an inch and three quarters wide, 
with slender yellow midribs rounded and slightly raised on the upper side, and numerous slender veins 
running obliquely to the points of the teeth, deeply impressed and conspicuous above, and connected by 
prominent cross veinlets; they are borne on slender terete hairy petioles about a third of an inch in 
length and bright red at first, and turn to deep scarlet and orange-color late in the autumn before 
