BETULACEZ. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
o7 
BETULA PAPYRIFERA. 
Canoe Birch. 
STROBILES cylindrical, elongated, pendulous, long-stalked. 
clustered or in pairs. 
Betula papyrifera, Marshall, Arbust. Am. 19 (1785). — 
Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 504. — Michaux, Fl. Bor.- 
Am. ii. 180. — Sargent, Forest Trees N. Am. 10th Census 
U. S. ix. 159. — Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 
472. 
Betula lenta, Wangenheim, Nordam. Holz. 45 (not Lin- 
nus) (1787). 
Betula papyracea, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 337 (1789). — 
Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 40, t. 2, f. 1; Spec. iv. pt. i. 
464; Hnum. 981. — Nouveau Duhamel, iii. 205. — Per- 
soon, Syn. ii. 572. — Desfontaines, Hist. Arb. ii. 477. — 
Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. i. 688. — Du Mont de Courset, 
Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 408. — Michaux f. Hist. Arb. Am. i. 
133, t. 1. — Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 621. — Nuttall, Gen. 
ii. 218 ; Sylva, i. 25. — Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 167. — Bigelow, 
Fl. Boston. ed. 2, 355.— Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 152, 
t. 152. —Sprengel, Syst. iii. 854. — Audubon, Birds, t. 
88. — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 155.— Emerson, Trees 
Mass. 210; ed. 2, i. 239, t.—Gray, Man. 422. — Die- 
trich, Syn. v. 303.— K. Koch, Dendr. ii. pt. i. 645. — 
Lauche, Deutsche Dendr. ed. 2, 274. — Dippel, Handb. 
Laubholzk. ii. 177. — Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 110. 
? Betula excelsa, Aiton, Hort. Kew. iii. 337 (1789). — 
Willdenow, Berl. Baumz. 41, t. 2, f£. 2; Spec. iv. pt. i. 
463. — Borkhausen, Handb. Forstbot. i. 506. — Nouveau 
Duhamel, iii. 203, t. 52. — Persoon, Syn. ii. 572. — Des- 
fontaines, Hist. Arb. iv. 477. — Poiret, Lam. Dict. Suppl. 
i. 687. —— Du Mont de Courset, Bot. Cult. ed. 2, vi. 408. — 
Hayne, Dendr. Fl. 167. — Watson, Dendr. Brit. ii. 95, 
t. 95.—Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xv. 188 (Re- 
Paper Birch. 
Staminate aments 
Leaves ovate, cunéate, or rounded at the base, dull dark green. 
visio Betulacearum); Hist. Vég. xi. 243. — Endlicher, 
Gen. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 19. 
Betula alba, « papyrifera, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, 
xv. 188 (Revisio Betulacearum) (1841); Hist. Vég. xi. 
234.— Endlicher, Gen. Suppl. iv. pt. ii. 19. — Regel, 
Nouv. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. xiii. 81, t. 5, £. 5-16 (Mono- 
graphia Betulacearum). 
Betula cordifolia, Regel, Nowy. Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. 
xiii. 86, t. 12, f. 29-36 (Monographia Betulacearum) 
(1860). 
Betula occidentalis, Lyall, Jour. Linn. Soc. vii. 134 (not 
Hooker) (1864). 
Betula alba, subsp. 5. 8 commutata, Regel, Bull. Soc. 
Nat. Mose. xxxviii. pt. ii. 401, t. 7, f. 6-10 (Gattungen 
Betula und Alnus) (1865); De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. 
ii. 166. 
Betula alba, subsp. 6. u communis, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. 
Mosc. xxxviii. pt. ii. 401 (Gattungen Betula und Alnus) 
(1865); De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 166. 
Betula alba, subsp. 6. 8 cordifolia, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. 
Mose. xxxviii. pt. ii. 401 (Gattungen Betula und Alnus) 
(1865) ; De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 166. 
Betula Ermani, Rothrock, Smithsonian Rep. 1867, 454 
(Fl. Alaska) (not Chamisso) (1868). 
Betula alba var. populifolia, Winchell, Ludlow’s Rep. 
Black Hills Dakota, 67 (not Spach) (1875). 
Betula papyracea, a cordifolia, Dippel, Handb. Laub- 
holzk. ii. 177 (1892). 
Betula papyracea, b occidentalis, Dippel, Handb. Laub- 
holzk. ii. 177, £. 84 (1892).— Koehne, Deutsche Dendr. 
110. 
A tree, usually sixty or seventy, or, on the northwest coast, occasionally one hundred and twenty 
feet tall, with a trunk from two to three feet in diameter and clothed while young with short slender 
spreading branches with elongated lateral branchlets forking at acute angles, more or less drooping at 
the extremities, and forming a regular narrow pyramidal rather compact head; or in old age, or when 
crowded by other trees, with a branchless trunk supporting a narrow round-topped open airy head of 
pendulous branches; or on the mountains of northern New England sometimes reduced at high 
The bark 
on old trunks for a few feet above the ground is sometimes half an inch thick, dark brown or nearly 
elevations to a shrub or small tree with smaller and less elongated leaves and smaller fruit.! 
black, sharply and irregularly furrowed, and broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales, 
Betula papyracea, 8 minor, Tuckerman, Am. Jour. Sci. xlv. 31 
(1843). 
1 Betula papyrifera, var. minor, Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. 
ed. 6, 472 (1890). 
