SALICACEZ. 
SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 
99 
fragilis,’ and Salix daphnoides? being the most valuable timber-trees of the genus. The flexible 
tough branches of several species of Salix are employed in the manufacture of baskets, and some 
of them, especially the European and north Asian Salix viminalis*® and Salix purpurea,' are largely 
in the transportation of stone, in turnery and cooperage, and as 
charcoal in the manufacture of gunpowder. The strong vigorous 
shoots of pollarded trees are used for hoop-poles and stakes, and 
in the making of coarse baskets ; and in several of the provinces of 
European Russia plantations of Salix alba are carefully made to 
produce the strong vigorous stems used in the manufacture of the 
shaft-bows of Russian carriages. (See Industries of Russia, iii. 336.) 
The 
leaves afford excellent forage for domestic animals, and the bark 
The wood is preferred to all other woods for cricket-bats. 
is employed in tanning leather and in medicine. (See Loudon, Arb. 
Brit. iii. 1458.) 
1 Linneus, Spec. 1017 (1753). — Willdenow, Spec. iv. pt. 11. 669. — 
Host, Salix, 5, t. 18, 19. — Forbes, Salict. Woburn. 53, t. — Reich- 
enbach, Icon. Fl. German. xi. 28, t. 609.— Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. 
598. — Hartig, Forst. Culturpfl. Deutschl. 419, t. 42.— Willkomm 
& Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. 226.— Andersson, Svensk. Vetensk. 
Akad. Handl. ser. 4, vi. 41 (Monographia Salicum) ; De Candolle 
Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 209.— Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 220.— Boissier, 
Fl. Orient. iv. 1184.— Watson & Coulter, Gray’s Man. ed. 6, 
481. 
Salix decipiens, G. F. Hoffmann, Hist. Sal. ii. 9, t. 31 (1791). 
Salix persicifolia, Schleicher, Cat. Pl. Helv. ed. 2, 30 (1807). 
Saliz Wargiana, Lejeune, Fil. Spa, ii. 322 (1813). 
Salix fragilior, Host, 1. c. 6, t. 20, 21 (1828). 
Salix Monspeliensis, Forbes, 1. c. 59, t. (1829). 
Salix excelsa, Koch, Syn. Fl. German. i. 643 (1837). 
Saliz fragillima, Schur, Enum. Pl. Transs. 616 (1866). 
Saliz fragilis is widely distributed over Europe and western Asia, 
and is frequently cultivated for its reddish wood, which is consid- 
It is 
naturalized in eastern America, and, although less abundant here 
ered more durable than that of the other European Willows. 
than Saliz alba, it is the common arborescent Willow of the mari- 
time provinces of Canada, where it grows to a large size, and of 
southern Pennsylvania, and Delaware, where it is cultivated as a 
pollard to produce charcoal for the important gunpowder works 
at Wilmington. 
be obtained in Persia (Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 
373). 
Salix Russelliana, Smith (Fl. Brit. iii. 1045 [1804].—Smith & 
Sowerby, English Bot. xxvi. t. 1809. — Forbes, J. c. 55, t. 28.— 
Reichenbach, J. c. t. 610), the Bedford Willow, which is considered 
by some authors a variety of Salix fragilis and by others a hybrid 
between this species and Salix alba (Wimmer, Sal. Europ. 133), is 
From this tree a saccharine exudation is said to 
a large tree not infrequently found in low grounds in central and 
western Europe, where it is often planted for the sake of its timber 
or to produce poles (Loudon, J. c. 1517). 
2 Villars, Hist. Pl. Dauph. iii. 765 (1789). — Ledebour, /. c. 602. — 
Reichenbach, J. c. 26, t. 602. — Hartig, J. c. 416, t. 43. — Parla- 
tore, J. c. 232. — Andersson, De Candolle Prodr. l. c. 261. — Bran- 
dis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 469, t. 62. — Boissier /. c. 1191. — Hooker 
f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 631. 
Salix bigemmis, Hoffmann, Deutsche Fi. ed. 2, 260 (1804). 
Salix cinerea, Smith, J. c. 1063 (not Linnzus) (1804). — Host, 
Salix, 8, t. 26, 27. — Forbes, J. c. 249, t. 
Salix precor, Willdenow, J. c. 670 (1805).—Seringe, Saules 
de la Suisse, 55.— Maximowicz, Mém. Sav. Etr. Acad. Sci. St.* 
Pétersbourg, ix. 242 (Prim. Fl. Amur.). 
Salix Pomeranica, Forbes, 1. cv. 281, t. (1829). — Reichenbach, 
I. c. t. 26, 602. 
Salix Reuteri, Moritzi, Fl. Schweiz, 459 (1844). 
Salix daphnoides, which is often shrubby in habit, but in India 
sometimes becomes a tree sixty feet high with a tall straight trunk 
three or four feet in diameter, is a common inhabitant of the moun- 
tain regions of central Europe and of northern Germany, southern 
Scandinavia, northern Russia, Siberia, and Manchuria; it is also 
common in the arid regions of the inner Himalayas, which it some- 
times ascends to elevations of five thousand feet. In northern 
Europe Salix daphnoides has been successfully used to hold the 
soil on railway embankments and to fix shifting sands, its stout 
far-spreading roots making it especially valuable for this purpose. 
It is often cultivated in northwestern India to supply fodder 
for cattle, the branches are used for fencing, baskets, and bridge 
ropes, and the wood is employed in construction and in cooper- 
age, and for the handles of tools (Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 
377). 
8 Linneus, 7. cv. 1021 (1753).— G. F. Hoffmann, 1. c. 22, t, 2, 
f. 1,2; t. 5, f. 2. — Willdenow, J. c. 706. — Host, 1. c. 16, t. 54, 
55. — Forbes, J. c. 265, t. — Ledebour, Fl. Alt. iv. 265; Fl. Ross. 
iii. 605. — Reichenbach, J. c. 25, t. 597. — Hartig, J. c. 398, t. 46. — 
Willkomm & Lange, J. c. 228. — Maximowicz, /. c. 243. — Anders- 
son, l. c. 264. — Brandis, /. c. 470. — Boissier, J. c. 1191. 
Salix longifolia, Lamarck, Fl. Frang. ii. 232 (1778). 
Salix Gmelini, Pallas, Fl. Ross. i. pt. ii. 77 (1788). 
Salix virescens, Villars, . c. 785 (1789). 
Salix serotina, Pallas, Reise, iii. 759 (1776). 
Saliz viminalis,a shrub or small tree, is widely scattered over 
northern, central, and southeastern Europe, western Asia, north- 
eastern India, Siberia, and Manchuria. Its long tough branches 
are used in basket-weaving, and in Europe it is considered the most 
valuable of the Osier Willows. 
* Linnzus, J. c 1017 (1753). — Host, 1. c. 12, t. 40, 41. — Forbes, 
l. c. i. t.— Ledebour, Fl. Ross. iii. 602. — Reichenbach, J. c. 22, 
t. 582, 583, 584. — Hartig, J. c. 413, t. 53. — Willkomm & Lange, 
l. c. 227. — Wimmer, I. c. 29. — Parlatore, J. c. 229. — Andersson, 
l. c. 306. — Boissier, J. c. 1186.— Bebb, Watson & Coulter Gray’s 
Man. ed. 6, 484. 
Salix Helix, Linnezus, J. c. (1753). — Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant. 
il. 362. — Forbes, J. c. 3, t. 
Salix rubra, Hudson, Fl. Angl. 364 (1762). — Smith & Sowerby, 
l. c. xvi. t. 1145.— Reichenbach, J. c. t. 586. — Andersson, J. c. 
307. 
Salix pratensis, Scopoli, Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii. 252 (1772). 
Saliz monandra, G. F. Hoffmann, J. c. 18, t. 1, f.1, 2; t. 5, f. 
1 (1787). —Seringe, J. c. 5. — De Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Frang. 
ed. 3, iii. 297. — Forbes, 1. c. 7. 
Saliz fissa, G. F. Hoffmann, 1. c. 61, t. 13, f. 14, f. 1-4 (1787). 
Salix membranacea, Thuillier, Flore Par. ed. 2, ii. 515 (1790). 
Salix olivacea, Thuillier, /. v. (1790). 
Saliz Forbyana, Smith, J. c. 1041 (1804). — Smith & Sowerby, 
l. c. xix. t. 1344. — Forbes, I. c. 9, t. 5. 
Salix Lambertiana, Smith, l. c. (1804). — Willdenow, l. c. 673. — 
Smith & Sowerby, /. c. t. 1359. — Forbes, l. c. 5. 
Salix mollissima, Wahlenberg, Fl. Carp. 317 (not Ehrhart) 
(1814). 
