CONIFERZ. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 69 
JUNIPERUS. 
Flowers naked, usually dicecious, axillary or terminal, the staminate with numerous 
stamens verticillate or opposite on a central axis; anther-cells 2 to 6; the pistillate of 
numerous scales bearing 1 or 2 erect ovules. Fruit a fleshy strobile. Leaves binate or 
ternate, subulate or scale-like, often of two forms on the same plant, persistent. 
Juniperus, Linneus, Gen. 311 (1737). — Adanson, Fam. Sabina, Haller, Ruppius Fl. Jen. ed. 2, 336 (1745). 
Pl. ii. 481.— A. L. de Jussieu, Gen. 413. — Endlicher, Thuizecarpus, Trautvetter, Pl. Imay. Fl. Russ. 11, t. 6 
Gen. 258. — Meisner, Gen. 352. — Bentham & Hooker, (1844). 
Gen. iii. 427. — Eichler, Hngler & Prantl Pflanzenfam. Arceuthos, Antoine & Kotschy, Oestr. Bot. Wochenbl. 
ii. pt. i. 101. — Baillon, Hist. Pl. xii. 38. — Masters, Jour. 1854, 249. 
Linn. Soc. xxx. 12. 
Pungent-aromatic trees or shrubs, with thin shreddy, or rarely thick bark broken into oblong 
plates, soft close-grained durable fragrant wood, slender branches, scaly or naked buds, and fibrous 
roots. Leaves sessile, entire or denticulate, convex on the lower surface, concave and stomatiferous 
above, persistent for many years, linear-subulate, disposed in whorls of threes, free and jointed at the 
base, sharp-pointed, eglandular, channeled and white-glaucous above (Caryocedrus, Oxycedrus), or 
opposite and decussate or ternate, scale-like, closely imbricated, more or less appressed and adnate to the 
branch, frequently glandular-pitted on the back, on young plants or vigorous shoots often free and 
acicular, dying and becoming brown and woody on the branch (Sabina). Flowers minute, dicecious or 
very rarely moneecious, axillary or terminal on short axillary branches, opening from buds formed in 
the autumn on branches of the year. Staminate flower solitary, or rarely capitate im a three to six- 
flowered head (Arceuthos), oblong-ovate, composed of a slender sessile or stipitate axis bearing 
numerous crowded or remote decussately opposite or ternate stamens; filaments short, enlarged into 
ovate or peltate scale-like light yellow connectives, entire or denticulate, bearing on the inner face 
near the base from two to six globose two-valved cells opening longitudinally ; pollen-grains simple. 
Pistillate flower ovoid, composed of from three to six opposite or ternate ovate pointed fleshy scales 
alternate with or bearing on the inner face at the base on a minute ovuliferous scale one or two 
erect free orthotropous ovules, and subtended by numerous minute scale-like bracts persistent and 
unchanged under the fruit. Fruit a berry-like short-stalked strobile ripening during the first or 
second or rarely the third autumn, formed by the coalition of the flower scales, blue, blue-black, or 
reddish, inclosed in a thick close or loose membranaceous epidermis covered with a glaucous bloom, 
smooth or marked with the points and margins of the scales of the flower, or with the pointed tips of the 
ovules, closed, or rarely open and exposing the seeds at the apex; flesh succulent and juicy, penetrated 
by numerous large or small irregularly shaped resin glands, in one group becoming sweet, dry, and 
fibrous by the absorption or change of the fragrant resin. Seeds from one to twelve, ovate, acute or 
obtuse, terete or variously angled by mutual pressure, often longitudinally grooved by depressions 
caused by the pressure of the resin-cells of the pericarp, smooth, roughened or tuberculate, brown and 
lustrous above, marked below with large conspicuous usually bilobed hilums, free, or united into a 
thick globose woody stone-like mass separated into distinct one-seeded nutlets (Caryocedrus) ; seed- 
coat of two layers, the outer thick, indurate or bony, the inner thin, membranaceous or crustaceous. 
