SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ. 
70 
Embryo terete, straight, axile in fleshy albumen ; cotyledons two or rarely five or six, the radicle 
superior.’ 
Juniperus is confined to the northern hemisphere, where it is widely scattered from the Arctic 
Circle to the highlands of Mexico, Lower California, and the West Indies in the New World, and to 
the Azores and Canary Islands, northern Africa, Abyssinia, and the mountains of east tropical Africa, 
Sikkim, and the mountains of southern Japan in the Old World. From thirty to thirty-five species are 
now distinguished ;* of these ten inhabit the United States; one is endemic in Mexico; 
3 one occurs on 
the islands of Lower California* and another in Bermuda and the Antilles;° in the Old World the 
largest number of species are found in the Mediterranean Basin ;° the genus has several representatives 
in the Atlantic Islands,’ and one in east tropical Africa; 
1 By Endlicher (Syn. Conif. 8 [1847]) the species of Juniperus 
are grouped in the following sections : — 
CaRYOCEDRUS. Staminate flowers in 3 to 6-flowered heads, 
spreading after anthesis, their axes stipitate; stamens 9 to 12, 
their connections ovate acute, incurved at the apex. Seeds joined 
into a thick globose woody 3-angled mass. Leaves acicular. 
OXYCEDRUS. 
axis stipitate, the stipe clothed with minute scale-like bracts ; sta- 
Flowers axillary ; staminate flower solitary, its 
mens opposite, decussate ; anther-cells prominent, subdorsal ; 
ovules three, alternate with the inner scales of the flower, their 
enlarged stigma-shaped tips persistent on the fruit. Seeds free, 
usually 3, or fewer by abortion. Leaves ternate, linear, acicular, 
free and jointed at the base, eglandular, channeled and white- 
glaucous on the upper surface. Buds scaly. 
Sapina. Flowers terminal on short axillary branches ; stami- 
nate flower solitary ; anther-cells basal ; stamens ternate or op- 
Seeds 1 to 12, free. 
adnate and scale-like, closely appressed, crowded and adnate on the 
posite. Leaves ternate or opposite, mostly 
branches, glandular or eglandular on the back, or on vigorous 
branches and young plants free and acicular. 
° Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 282 (Révision des Juniperus). — 
Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 7. — Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen. — Par- 
latore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 475. 
3 Juniperus gigantea, K. Koch, Berl. Allg. Gartenzeit. 1858, 341. 
Juniperus Mexicana, Schlechtendal, Linnea, v. 77 (not Spreng- 
el) (1830); xii. 494. — Parlatore, 7. c. 491. — Engelmann, 
Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 589.— Hemsley, Bot. Biol. Am. Cent. 
iii. 184. 
Sabina gigantea, Antoine, J. c. 36, t. 48, 50, f. E-L (1857). 
Sabina Mexicana, Antoine, I. ¢. 38, t. 51,55 f. A~D (1857). 
This species, which appears to be common on the mountains of 
northeastern Mexico, is also abundant on the high plains lying 
inland from the mountain chain dominated by Mt. Orizaba in the 
state of Vera Cruz, flourishing in arid sterile calcareous soil, and 
varying in size from a broad low-branched shrub to a handsome 
shapely tree of medium size (C. G. Pringle, in litt.). 
4 Juniperus Cerrosiana, Kellogg, Proc. Cal. Acad. ii. 37 
(1863). — M. K. Curran, Bull. Cal. Acad. i. 147.— Greene, Pit- 
tonia, 1. 197, 207. 
? Juniperus Californica, var. osteosperma, Watson, Proc. Am. 
Acad. xi. 119 (1876). — Lemmon, West-American Cone-Bearers, 
79. 
This bushy tree, with large blue-black fruit containing three or 
four seeds, has given its name to Cerros Island, off the coast of 
Lower California. It is probably also the species of Guadaloupe 
Island of the same region, where a low Juniper covers the ravines 
and valleys in the central and southern part of the island. 
5 Juniperus Bermudiana, Linneus, Spec. 1039 (1753). — Willde- 
* one endemic species * inhabits the Himalayas, 
now, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 851. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 50. — Lunan, Hort. 
Jam. i. 83.— Maycock, Fl. Barb. 394. — Hooker, Lond. Jour. Bot. 
ii. 141, t. 1.— Lefroy, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 25, 108 (Bot. 
Bermuda). 
Juniperus Barbadensis, Linnzus, 1. cv. (1753). — Willdenow, 
l. c. — Maycock, 1. c. —Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 503. 
Juniperus oppositifolia, Moench, Meth. 698 (1794). 
Juniperus pyramidalis, Salisbury, Prodr. 397 (1796). 
Sabina Bermudiana, Antoine, J. c. 65, t. 87, 88, f. A~D (1857). 
Biota Meldensis, Gordon, Pinetum, 37 (1858) ; ed. 2, 57. 
Juniperus Bermudiana, which is said to attain a large size on the 
mountains of Jamaica and on several of the other West Indian 
islands, is the most abundant and conspicuous tree of the Bermuda 
group, growing everywhere on the poor dry limestone hills, and in 
the brackish swamps common on some of the islands. It is a bushy 
tree, with stout tough spreading branches and pale blue-green 
leaves glandular on the back, and is occasionally forty or fifty feet 
in height, with an irregularly lobed trunk five or six feet in 
diameter, although individuals of this size are now rare, nearly all 
the large trees having been cut for timber. The wood is very 
durable, dark red-brown with thin nearly white sapwood and a 
For- 
merly it was largely used on the islands for shipbuilding, for the 
(See Garden and 
close compact surface capable of receiving a beautiful polish. 
interior finish of houses, and in cabinet-making. 
Forest, iv. 289, £. 51, 52.) 
§ Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant. ii. 370.— Brotero, Fl. Lusitan. i. 
126. — Sibthorp & Smith, Fl. Gree. Prodr. ii. 262. — Willkomm & 
Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 21.— Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 75.— 
Laguna, Fl. Forestal Espaiola, i. 96. — Boissier, Fl. Orient. v. 
705. 
* Link, Buch Phys. Beschr. Canar. Ins. 159.— Webb & Berthe- 
lot, Phytogr. Canar. sect. iii. 277. 
8 Juniperus procera, Endlicher, 1. c. 26 (1847). — A. Richard, 
Tent. Fl. Abyss. ii. 278. — Parlatore, J. c. 485. — Oliver, Jour. Linn. 
Soc. xxi. 404. 
Sabina procera, Antoine, 1. c. 36, t. 47 (1857). 
9° Juniperus recurva, D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 55 (1825). — Par- 
latore, J. c. 481. — Boissier, /. c. 708. — Hooker f. Fl. Brit, Ind. v. 
O47. 
Sabina religiosa, Antoine, 1. c. 47, t. 61, 62, f. C, B (1857). 
Sabina recurva, Antoine, 1. c. 67, t. 88, f. E-M; t. 90, 91 
(1857). 
Sabina recurva, var. a tenuifolia, Antoine, J. c. t. 88, £. N, t. 92 
(1857). 
Sabina recurva, var. 8 densa, Antoine, I. c. (1857). 
Juniperus recurva is a tree twenty or thirty feet in height, with a 
conical crown of graceful pendulous branches (see figure in Hooker 
f. Himalayan Journals, ii. 51), which, at high elevations, becomes 
