CONIFERA. SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. 71 
in whose forests Juniperus has four representatives, and in eastern Asia five or six species are widely 
distributed.’ One of the endemic species of North America crosses the continent, another is confined to 
western Texas and the adjacent portions of Mexico, and the remainder belong to the forests of the Rocky 
Mountains and the Pacific side of the continent. Two species common to both hemispheres extend at 
the north across the continent, one of them a small tree and the other, in its American form, a prostrate 
shrub.” 
Impressions of Juniperus found in the tertiary rocks of Europe, although not abundant, 
indicate that the genus, nearly in its present form, has long inhabited the earth? 
The close-grained durable fragrant wood of Juniperus is used for posts, in construction, and in the 
manufacture of many small articles, the most valuable timber-trees of the genus being the North 
American Juniperus Virginiana and the Asiatic Juniperus excelsa ;* and the bark of many of the 
stunted, and assumes a decumbent or prostrate habit. It is then 
the :— 
var. squamata, Parlatore, De Candolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 482 
(1868). — Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 647. 
Juniperus squamata, D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 55 (1825).— 
Lambert, Pinus, ii. 17. 
Juniperus excelsa, B nana, Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 26 (1847). 
Sabina squamata, Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 66, t. 89, 90 
(1857). 
Juniperus densa, Gordon, Pinetum, Suppl. 32 (1862). 
Juniperus recurva is distributed over high mountain-slopes from 
Afghanistan to Sikkim and Bhotan, rarely descending below alti- 
tudes of seven thousand feet, and often in its prostrate form reach- 
ing elevations of fifteen thousand feet. Common as a tree in Sik- 
kim between nine thousand and twelve thousand feet above the 
sea-level, it is shrubby on the northwestern Himalayas, where it 
often covers large areas with long decumbent stems running on or 
just below the surface of the ground, and numerous short erect 
branches. 
fuel. 
also for the decoration of temples during religious festivals. 
At high elevations the fragrant red wood is used as 
The young branches are employed in distilling spirits, and 
The 
fragrant resinous leaves are used in the manufacture of incense, 
and are gathered in large quantities in Sikkim and sent to the 
plains for this purpose. (See Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 537.— 
Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 412.) 
1 Thunberg, Fl. Jap. 264. — Siebold & Zuccarini, Abhand. Akad. 
Miinch. iv. 233 ; Fl. Jap. ii. 55. — Maximowiez, Bull. Acad. Sci. St. 
Pétersbourg, xii. 230 (Mél. Biol. vi. 374). —Miquel, Ann. Jus. 
Lugd. Bat. iii. 167 (Prol. Fl. Jap.). —Franchet & Savatier, Enum. 
Pl. Jap. i. 471.— Franchet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. sér. 2, v. 291 (Pl. 
David. i.). 
2 Juniperus Sabina prostrata, Loudon, Arb. Brit. iv. 2498, f. 2361 
(1838). — Beissner, Handb. Nadeth. 111. 
Juniperus Sabina, Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 246 (not Linnzus) 
(1803). — Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Am. ui. 166. 
Juniperus prostrata, Persoon, Syn. ii. 632 (1807). — Richardson, 
Franklin Jour. Appx. No. 7, 753. — Torrey, Compend. Fl. N. 
States, 377. —Carriére, Traité Conif. 26.— Gordon, Pinetum, 
106. 
Juniperus Sabina, var. procumbens, Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 11. 647 
(1814). — Engelmann, Trans. St. Louis Acad. iii. 591. — Macoun, 
Cat. Can. Pl. 463. — Watson & Coulter, Gray's Man. ed. 6, 494. 
Juniperus repens, Nuttall, Gen. ii. 245 (1818). 
Cupressus thyoides, Hooker, J. c. 165 (not Linnzus) (1839). 
Juniperus Sabina, B humilis, Hooker, 1. c. 166 (1839). 
Juniperus Hudsonica, Forbes, Pinetum Woburn. 208 (1839). 
Juniperus Virginiana prostrata, Torrey, Fl. N. ¥. i. 235 
(1843). — Provancher, Flore Canadienne, ii. 559. 
Juniperus Virginiana, var. humilis, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 425 
(1856). 
Juniperus Sabina (Linneus, Spec. 1039 [1753]), of which the North 
American plant is considered a prostrate form, is an erect shrub 
or small bushy tree occasionally twelve or fifteen feet tall, widely 
spread through central and southern Europe and Siberia, with bit- 
In North America the 
prostrate form is distributed from southern Maine northward to 
the shores of Hudson’s Bay, and westward in British America from 
Newfoundland through Quebee and Ontario and across the central 
ter strong-smelling wood and branchlets. 
prairie region to the summits of the Rocky Mountains, and through 
northern New England and New York, along the shores of the 
Great Lakes to northern Minnesota, and over the mountain ranges 
as far west as the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains of Mon- 
tana. 
° Saporta, Origine Paléontologique des Arbres, 100. — Zittel, 
Handb. Palcontolog. ii. 329, f. 228. 
+ Marschall von Bieberstein, Beschreih. Land. Casp. Meer. 204, 
Appx. No. 72 (1800) ; Fl. Taur.-Cauc. ii. 425. — Willdenow, Spec. 
iv. pt. ii. 854. — Forbes, J. c. 205, t. 64. — Trautvetter, Pl. 
Imag. Fl. Russ. 21, t. 15.— Endlicher, /. c. 25. — Parlatore, J. c. 
484. 
Juniperus Sabina, Pallas, Fl. Ross. ii. 
(1788). 
Juniperus Sabina, var. excelsa, Georgi, Beschreib. Russ. Reichs, 
iii. 1358 (1802). 
Juniperus fetida, ¢« excelsa, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 
297 (Révision des Juniperus) (excel. hab. America) (1841). 
Juniperus polycarpos, K. Koch, Linnea, xxii. 303 (1849). — 
Tehihatcheff, Asie Jfineure, iii. 492. 
Juniperus isophylla, K. Koch, l. c. 304 (1849). — Tchihatcheff, 
lc. 
Juniperus Olivieri, Carriére, 1. c. 57 (1855). — Tchihatcheff, J. c. 
493. 
Sabina excelsa, Antoine, I. c. 45, t. 60, 62, f. E-T (1847). 
Sabina polycarpos, Antoine, /. c. 47, t. 63, 66, f. A-D (1857). 
Sabina isophyllos, Antoine, 7. c. 48, t. 64, 65, 66, f. E-G 
(1857). 
Juniperus macropoda, Boissier, Fl. Orient. v. 709 (1884). — 
Hooker f. Fl. Brit. Ind. v. 647. — Beissner, Handb. Nadelh. 114. 
Juniperus excelsa is distributed from the islands of the Grecian 
15 (not Linnzus) 
Archipelago over the mountain ranges of Asia Minor, Arabia, and 
Persia to northwestern India and Thibet, where it inhabits bare 
arid regions at high elevations, sometimes ascending to 15,000 feet 
above the sea-level. In habit it varies from a low bush to a tree, 
which on the Himalayas is sometimes fifty feet in height, with a 
short gnarled crooked trunk occasionally ten feet in diameter, and 
an irregular head of short contorted branches. The wood is fra- 
