72 SILVA OF NORTH AMERICA. CONIFERZ. 
species is rich in tannin.’ The fruits of Juniperus contain an essential aromatic oil; they were used 
by the Greeks and Romans and by the Arabs in medicine, and are still gathered in Europe, especially 
in southern France, Italy, and Austria, and employed, generally as an adjuvant to more active 
medicines, as a diuretic and stimulant; those of Juniperus communis, a native of both hemispheres, are 
used to give the peculiar flavor to gin.’ Savin oil is distilled from the young tender fragrant branchlets 
of Juniperus Sabina, and is a powerful uterine stimulant employed in medicine;* and the ointment of 
savin is used as a stimulating dressing for wounds and sores.* Tar obtained by the destructive 
distillation of the wood of Juniperus Oxycedrus® was once utilized in southern Europe in veterinary 
practice. 
The large blue fleshy succulent fruits of Juniperus drupacea® of Asia Minor are edible. 
Several of the species of Juniperus are cultivated for the decoration of gardens, and during the 
eighteenth century were frequently cut into curious and fantastic forms. 
In North America the species of insects’ attackmg Juniperus are not numerous, although those 
grant, light or dark red, and close-grained ; in India it is used in 
It burns 
quickly, emitting a peculiar odor, and is used as incense and largely 
The 
resinous fruit is employed medicinally, and is also made into in- 
cense (Madden, Jour. Agric. and Hort. Soc. Ind. iv. pt. iv. 256; vii. pt. 
ii. 188 [Himalayan Conifere]. — Brandis, Forest Fl. Brit. Ind. 538, 
t. 68. — Gamble, Man. Indian Timbers, 412. — Balfour, Cyclopedia 
of India, ed. 3, ii. 455). 
pure open forests sometimes of great extent. 
building and in the manufacture of many small articles. 
for fuel in some of the dry nearly treeless interior valleys. 
Tn southern Afghanistan it forms nearly 
The soft light wood 
is used in building and largely for fuel ; strips of the thick bark 
are utilized by the Pathans for roofing their huts. The fruit is 
used in tanning leather and in the preparation of a spirituous 
liquor. (See Lace & Hemsley, Jour. Linn. Soc. xxviii. 296, 305, 
307, 320 [ Veg. Brit. Baluchistan].) 
1 Trimble, Garden and Forest, ix. 162. 
2 Oleum Juniperi is of a greenish oily color, with a sweetish resin- 
ous flavor ; it is stimulant, carminative and diuretic, and is generally 
combined with more active remedies (Recluz, Jour. de Pharm. xiii. 
215 [Note sur les fruits de Genévricr].— Nicolet, Jour. de Pharm. 
xvii. 309 [Essais physiologique et chimique sur les fruits du genre 
Juniperus]. — Soubeiran & Capitaine, Jour. de Pharm. xxvi. 78 
[Essence de Genievre].— U. S. Dispens. ed. 16, 1013). The pe- 
culiar flavor and diuretic properties of gin are due to the oil of 
Juniper berries, and are secured by adding the crushed. fruit, usu- 
ally that of Juniperus communis, to undistilled grain spirit, or by 
allowing the spirit vapor to pass over it before condensation 
(Spons, Encyclopedia of the Manufactures, Industrial Arts, and Raw 
Commercial Products, i. 22). 
8 Fliickiger & Hanbury, Pharmacographia, 565.— Johnson, Man. 
Med. Bot. N. Am. 261. 
4 Fliickiger & Hanbury, J. c. 567. 
5 Linneus, Spec. 1038 (1735).— Desfontaines, Fl. Atlant. ii. 
370.— De Candolle, Lamarck Fl. Frang. ed. 3, iii. 278. — Willde- 
now, Spec. iv. pt. ii. 854. — Nouveau Duhamel, vi. 47, t. 15, f. 2. — 
Visiani, Fl. Dalmat. i. 202. — Reichenbach, Icon. Fl. German. xi. 
6, t. 537. — Antoine, Cupressineen-Gattungen, 12, t. 11, f. A-J, t. 
12-15. — Willkomm & Lange, Prodr. Fl. Hispan. i. 22. — Techihat- 
cheff, Asie Mineure, iii. 489.— Parlatore, Fl. Ital. iv. 80; De Can- 
dolle Prodr. xvi. pt. ii. 477. — Laguna, Fl. Forestal Espajola, pt. i. 
98, t. 11 in (part).— Boissier, Fl. Orient. ii. 707.— Hempel & 
Wilhelm, Béume und Strducher, i. 192, f. 112, A, D, E, L, 
(ai 8 
Juniperus macrocarpa, Tenore, Syll. Fl. Neap. 483 (in part) 
(not Sibthorp & Smith) (1831). 
Juniperus rufescens. — Endlicher, Syn. Conif. 11 (1847). — 
K. Koch, Linnea, xxii. 302. — Antoine, /. c. 18, t. 23-25. 
Juniperus Oxycedrus, «a gibbosa, Antoine, J. c. 12, t. 11, f. T-V 
(1857). 
Juniperus rufescens, var. a Noéi, Antoine, J. c. 18, t. 26 (1857). 
Juniperus Oxycedrus is a much-branched shrub common on arid 
mountain slopes in all the Mediterranean Basin, and distributed 
from Madeira to Asia Minor, northern Syria, and northern Persia. 
Pyroleum cadinum or huile de cade, so called from the French 
name of this Juniper, was popular two centuries ago in southern 
Europe as an external remedy, chiefly in veterinary practice. (See 
Olivier des Serres, Theatre d’ Agriculture, 941. — Parkinson, Theatr. 
1033.— Pomet, Hist. Gen. Drog. 289.) The huile de cade now 
manufactured in France, and sometimes recommended for the 
treatment of skin diseases, is of unknown origin (Fliickiger & Han- 
bury, 2. c. 563). 
6 La Billardiére, Icon. Pl. Syr. ii. 14, t. 8 (1791). — Nouveau 
Duhamel, vi. 47.— Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. sér. 2, xvi. 289; Hist. 
Vég. xi. 312. — Endlicher, J. c. 8.— Tchihatcheff, Rev. Hort. 1854, 
165, 10 ; Aste Mineure, l. c. — Boissier, 1. c. v. 706. 
Arceuthos drupacea, Antoine & Kotschy, Oestr. Bot. Wochenbdl. 
1854, 249 ; Conif. Cilic. Taurus, i. t. 1 to 3.— Antoine, 1. c. 3, 
t. 4, 5. 
Arceuthos drupacea, var. a acerosa, Antoine, J. c. t. 1 (1857). 
Arceuthos drupacea, var. B obtusiuscula, Antoine, J. c. t. 2, 3 
(1857). 
Juniperus drupacea, which is a small shrubby tree, occasionally 
thirty feet in height, although usually much smaller, is the only 
species of the section Caryocedrus, distinguished by capitate stami- 
nate flowers and united seeds ; it is widely distributed through 
Greece, Asia Minor, and northern Syria, and is common on moun- 
tain slopes at elevations of from two to five thousand feet above 
the sea-level, where it is often gregarious, or is scattered through 
the forests of Oak or Pine. 
7 Packard (5th Rep. U. S. Entomolog. Comm. 1890, 904) records 
only twenty-two species as having been found on Juniperus in 
North America, and several of these probably attack only diseased 
or dead plants. Most of them are uncommon, and borers in the 
living wood are unknown. 
Phleosinus dentatus, Say, has been found in its larval state as a 
bark-borer in dead or decaying trees, and in Kansas the beetles are 
said to do much damage by boring under the bark and by girdling 
The larva of Callidium antennatum, Newman, is a 
common borer under the bark of dead or dying Junipers, which are 
young twigs. 
supposed to be bored also by Hylotrupes ligneus, Fabricius. 
